دراسة فاعلية بعض الصادات الحيوية على جراثيم الإيشريكية القولونية Escherichia coli )) المعزولة من دجاج اللحم في طرطوس
الكلمات المفتاحية:
Escherichia coli, chickens, effectiveness, antibiotics
الملخص
Escherichia coli is considered one of the most important threats to the health of birds and a major cause of economic losses in broiler farms due to the death it causes, low conversion efficiency, and delayed growth. The danger of these germs comes in light of the indiscriminate use of antibiotics to treat them, in addition to the emergence of resistance to these antibiotics, which may reach humans.
Therefore, this study aims to investigate Escherichia coli infection in some broiler farms in Tartous Governorate, isolate and confirm the infection, and study the effectiveness of some antibiotics used to treat it. Samples were collected during the period from 2/2/2023 to 12/2/2023 from different areas: (Al-Hamidiyah, Al-Raqma, Al-Safliyya, Beit Shihan, Zahiwiyah, Al-Qumsiyeh, Bilwaza, Baghlikh, Shubat, and Khirbet Amoudi). Symptoms were recorded a pathological autopsy was performed and samples were grown in nutritious soup and incubated at 37°C then cultured on specific media to diagnose the presence of Escherichia coli bacteria and susceptibility tests to some antibiotics were performed. The results showed a high rate of resistance which reached 100% to erythromycin, 90% to chloramphenicol and doxycycline 83.33% to azithromycin 70% to fosfomycin, 66.66% to gentamycin and 60% to colistin.
It is inferred from this that Escherichia coli was sensitive to colistin and gentamycin and that their effectiveness reached a rate of 30% followed by fosfomycin with a sensitivity of (23.33%) then azithromycin, doxycycline, and chloramphenicol where the effectiveness of each reached a rate of (10%). The statistical analysis showed significant differences between the studied antibiotics as colistin outperformed the rest of the antibiotics with a high statistical significance of (2.743), followed by gentamycin with a statistical significance (2.833), then the antibiotic fosfomycin with a statistical significance (2.952), the antibiotic doxycycline with a statistical significance (3.438), then arythromycin. With statistical significance (3.550), chloramphenicol with statistical significance (3.863), then azithromycin with statistical significance (3.993).This indicates the presence of high levels of bacterial resistance to most of the antibiotics studied, resulting from the indiscriminate use of these antibiotics in treatment processes, and the necessity of working to increase awareness of their responsible use, with national interest in this, which reduces the risk of this resistance being transmitted to humans while monitoring its effects in practical application And testing increased effectiveness through partnership and synergy.
Keywords: Escherichia coli, chickens, effectiveness, antibiotics.
References
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15- Chaudhari ,V . , JoshiB. , DesaiD., Bhanderi,B., Choudhary,K. , Madhwal,A.,(2017).Isolation and Characterisation of E.coli Infection from the Bronchial Plug of Broiler Birds Associated with Respiratory Diseases. 5 (8 ) :334.
16-Elmofti ,H.A, Yassir A Almofti., Nawal Noureldaim Abuelhassan., Nawal N Elmofti.,(2019). Identification and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Escherichia coli Isolated from Broilers Farms in Bahri Locality/Sudan ACTA.. Scientific Nutritionnal health. 3 , 11 .
17-Elmi ,S., Simons,D ., Elton,L ., Haider,N ., Abdel Hamid,M ., Shuaib,A., d Azam Khan,M., Othman,L., Kock,R .,(2021). Abdinasir Yusuf Osman Identification of Risk Factors Associated with Resistant Escherichia coli Isolates from Poultry Farms in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia: A Cross Sectional Study. Antibiotics, 10 (11):2 – 17.
18 - El Seedy, F.Ra ., Abed, A.Ha ., Wafaa, M.M. Hb ., Bosila, A.Sc ., Abeer Mwafyd.,(2019). Antimicrobial resistance and molecular characterization of pathogenic E. coli isolated from chickens .Journal of vetenrary. Medical research .,(2019). 26 (2): 280 -292.
19-Ewers, Christa., Janssen Traute., Kiessling Sabling., Philipp hans and Wieler Lother. (2004). Molecular epidemiology of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) isolated from colisepticemia in poultry. Veterinary Microbiology, 10(4):91-101.
20-Geetha M and Palanive K. M.,(2018). Avian Colibacillosis - A Mini Review, Int. J. Pure App Biosci, 6 (1):376-380.
21-Grakh,S., MittalI,D., Parkash,A ., Haryana,H.,(2020). Assesing The Potential Risk Factors Associated With Avian Colibacilosis Using Questionnaire.Vet, 59(1): 71-74.
22-Halfaoui., Nabil Mohamed Menoueri., Lyes Mohamed Bendali .,(2017).Serogrouping and antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from broiler chicken with colibacillosis in center of Algeria .Veterinary World, 10(7): 830-835.
23-Hardiati,A ., Safika,S ., Teguh Wibawan,I ., Indrawati,A ., Hasmi,F.,(2021). Isolation and detection of antibiotics resistance genes of Escherichia coli from broiler farms in Sukabumi, Indonesi. 8(1): 84–90.
25- jacobI., (2015). Antibiotics Approved for Use Convetional poultary production Americas land-grand universities enabled extension.or.
26- Joseph ,j. , Jennings, M ., Barbieri ,N ., Zhang, L., Adhikari ,P., Ramachandran ,R.,(2023). Characterization of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Broiler Breeders with Colibacillosis in Mississippi . Poultry, 2: 24–39.
27- Jakaria, A., Ariful, M. I. and Minara, M. Kh., (2012). Prevalence, Characteristics and Antibiogram Profiles of Escherichia coli Isolated from Apparently Healthy Chickens in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Microbes and Health, 1 (1) pp:27-29.
28-Kathayat,D, Lokesh,D., Ranjit,S ., Rajashekara,G.,(2021).Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC): An Overview of Virulence and Pathogenesis Factors, Zoonotic Potential, and Control Strategies. Pathogens , 10: 467.
29-Khong,M ., Snyder,M., Magnaterra,A., Young,M. ,. Barbieri,Y.,y Weimer,S ., (2023) .Antimicrobial resistance profile of Escherichia coli isolated from poultry litter .Poultry Science 102.
30-Koju ,P., Shrestha ,J., Shrestha ,A., Tamrakar ,S., Rai A. , Shrestha ,P., Kumar,S . , Katuwal ,N., Shrestha A. , Shrestha ,A. , Shrestha ,S. , Karki ,P., Tamang,P ., Thekkur ,P., Shrestha,S.,(2022). Antimicrobial Resistance in E. coli Isolated from Chicken Cecum Samples and Factors Contributing to Antimicrobial Resistance in Nepal . Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 7: 249.
31-Kremples., D.,(2005).Culture and Sensitivity Testing , House Rabbit Society of Miami, University of Miami, Bio.Depart
32-Lawal,l., Jajere,S., Geidam,Y., Bello,AWakil ,Y. Mustapha,M.,(2015). Antibiotic Residues in Edible Poultry Tissues and Products in Nigeria: A Potential Public Health Hazard . International Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 7(3): 55-6.
33-Mansaray , H. D. ., . Yankson, D, P. Y . , . Johnson, R. A. B . , Moses, F. L., Sam Kanu, J. , Franklyn,i K . , Rony Zachariah . , Kumar ,A.M. V., Selvaraj. K.,(2022). Bacterial Isolates and Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Fresh Poultry Excreta Used for Vegetable Farming in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health . 19, 5405.
34-Mudenda ,S., Malama,S , Munyeme,M , Matafwali,P . , Kapila. , Patrick Katemangwe., , Geoffrey Mainda., Mukubesa,A , Hadunka,M ., John Bwalya Muma.,(2023).Antimicrobial resistance profiles of Escherichia coli isolated from laying hens in Zambia: implications and significance on one health. JAC Antimicrob Resist.
35- Moffo,R ., Mouiche,M ., Djomgang,H ., Tombe,P ., Kochivi,A ., Dongmo,J ., Mbah,C ., Mapiefou,N ., Ngogang,M ., Awah-Ndukum,J.,(2021).Poultry Litter Contamination by Escherichia coli Resistant to Critically Important Antimicrobials for Human and Animal Use and Risk for Public Health in Cameroon.Antibiotics , 10: 402.
36-Mulchandani, R., Wang, Y., Gilbert, M., Van Boeckel, T.P.,( 2023).Global trends in antimicrobial use in food-producing animals: 2020 to 2030. PLoS Glob. Public Health, 3.
37-Pereira ,l., E. Sidjabat ,H., Davis ,S. , Silva ,P. , Alves, A. ,Santos ,C. , Jong,J . ,Conceição . F. , Jesus,N., Ximenes,F . Nunes,J . , Faria,I ., Lopes,I. , Barnes ,t. McKenzie .j., Oakley ,t. -, Francis,j . , Yan, J., Ting,s.,( 2024).Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella Species Isolates from Chickens in Live Bird Markets and Boot Swabs from Layer Farms in Timor. Antibiotics, 13(120).
38- Quinn, P.J., Markey, B.K., Carter, M.E., Donnelly, W.J.C., Leonard, F.C., (2002). Veterinary microbiology and microbial diseases.1st Iowa State University Press Blackwell Science.536p.
39-Roseliza, R., Khairani-BejoS., Zunita, Z., Ramlan, M., Khoo,E. And Rosnah,Y.,(2016). Antibioti ResistanceOf EsherichiaS Coli Isolated From Chicken In Malaysia.2016. Malaysian Journal of Veterinary Research, 7 (1):65
40-Roy, P., Purushothaman, V.A., Koteeswavan, A and Dhillon, A.S .,(2006). Isolation, Characterization and Antimicrobial drug resistance pattern of Escherichia coli isolated from Japanese quail and their environment. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 15:442-446.
41- Saeed, M.A., Saqlain, M., Waheed, U., Ehtisham-ul-Haque, S., Khan, A.U., Rehman, A.u., Sajid, M., Atif, F.A., Neubauer, H., El-Adawy, H., (2023). Cross-Sectional Study for Detection and Risk Factor Analysis of ESBL-Producing Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Associated with Backyard Chickens in Pakistan. Antibiotics, 12: 934.
42-Sarba,E1., Kelbesa,K. , Dandecha ,M ., Gebremedhin,E.,(2019). Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Escherichia coli isolated from backyard chicken in and around ambo, Central Ethiopia , Bizunesh Mideksa Borena1 and Ayichew TeshaleSarba et al. BMC Veterinary Research . 15:85.
43- Smith James L., Pina ,M. Fratamico, and Gunther, W,Nereus., (2007).Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 4 (2):135-163.
44- Sgariglia.,E., Nicholas Aconiti Mandolini ., Maira Napoleoni, Laura Medici, Roberta Fraticelli, Michela Conquista, Paola Gianfelici, Monica Staffolani, Stefano Fisichella, Marinella Capuccella, Marta Sargenti and Gianni Perugini.,(2019).Antibiotic resistance pattern and virulence genes in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) from different breeding systems. Veterinaria Italiana, 55 (1): 27-33.
45- Sun, Q.,X.Xu and L.Zhao., (2019). Virulence factors and antibiotic resistance of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in eastern China. J Vet Res, 63:317-320.
46- White, D. G., Piddock, L. J. V., Maurer, J. J., Zhao, S.; Ricci, V. & Thayer, S. G., (2000). Characterization of Fluoroquinolone Resistance among Veterinary Isolates of Avian Escherichia coli. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 44(10):2897-2899.
2- حسين ،صبا و العطار مزاحم(2018).دراسة الحساسية الدوائية لجراثيم الايشريشيا القولونية المعزولة من فروج اللحم مجلة الانبار للعلوم البيطرية29-36(2) :11.
3-عفيف آلاء و نيصافي علي وسليمان شيم والعمرعبد الناصر 2021)). الكشف عن الإصابة بالإيشريكية القولونية Escherichia coli في بعض مزارع ّالفروج في محافظة طرطوس. المجلة السورية للبحوث الزراعية 8:(3) 92-81.
4-.Abd El-Tawab,A., Hassan,w ., Seedy,f., Abdel-Satar,h., (2016) .Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Multi Drug Resistant E.coli Isolated from Chickens .Benha Journal of Applied Sciences (BJAS) Print , 5(1): 12-14.
5-Abd El Tawab, A., Ammar,A. , Nasef,S., Reda,R.,2015. Prevalence of E.Coli in diseased chickens with its antibiogram pattern. Ashraf .Benha Veterinary Medical Journal, 28, (2):224‐230.
6- Akbar,A., Sitara,U., Ahmed khan,S., Ali,I., Phadungchob,K,T., Kumar Ana.,2014. lPresence of Escherichia coli in poultry meat: A potential food safety threat.International Food Research Journal, 21(3): 941-945.
7-Abdel-Rahman ,Mo. , Hamed,E ,.Abdelaty,M ., Sorour,H ., Badr,H ., Hassan,W., Shalaby,A , Abd-Elhalem ,A. , Soliman,M , and Roshdy,H. Distribution pattern of antibiotic resistance genes in isolated from colibacillosis cases in broiler farm of Egypt.(2023)., .Veterinary World, 16,:2231-0916.
8- Azizpour,A., Ghazaei,C.,2020.Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Escherichia coli Isolated From Broiler Chickens With Colibacillosis in Ardabil Province, Iran.Int J Basic Sci Med, 5(4):125-130.
9- Abalaka, SE., Sani, N ., Idoko ,IS ., Tenuche ,O., Oyelowo, F and Ejeh Enem S., (2017). athological changes associated with an outbreak of Colibacillosis in a commercial broiler floc.Sokoto, Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 3:95-102.
10- Ayushi S., Chhabra, D., Sharda,R., Shukla,S., Sachin ,D., Audarya, R.,Sikrodia, R., Ganil ., Singh,N .,2019. Antibiotic Resistance in E. coli Isolated from Poultry Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (10): 89-94
11- Amancha,G., Celis,Y., Irazaba,J., Falconi,M., Villacis,K., Thekkur,P, Nair,D., Perez,K,F.,G., Celis Y., Irazabal J., Falconi M., Villacis K., Thekk., (2023).High levels of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella from poultry in Ecuador. Rev Panam Salud Publica 47.
12- Akond, M. A., Alam, S., Hassan, S. M. R. and Shirin, M., (2009). Antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from poultry and poultry environment of Bangladesh. Internet Journal of food safety, 11: 19-23.
13- Broes, A., Higgins, R., Lariviere, S. & Messier, S., (2001). Impacts of antimicrobial resistance on animal health. Report submitted to the Canadian Pork Council’s Board of Directors Meeting, PP: 93-106.
14- Bakhshi ,M. . , Fatahi Bafghi , M.. , Astani ,A. ,. Ranjbar ,V. , Zandi,H ., Vakili,M. .,(2017).Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Escherichia coli Isolated from Chickens with Colibacillosis in Yazd, Iran .Journal of Food Quality and Hazards Control : 74-78.
15- Chaudhari ,V . , JoshiB. , DesaiD., Bhanderi,B., Choudhary,K. , Madhwal,A.,(2017).Isolation and Characterisation of E.coli Infection from the Bronchial Plug of Broiler Birds Associated with Respiratory Diseases. 5 (8 ) :334.
16-Elmofti ,H.A, Yassir A Almofti., Nawal Noureldaim Abuelhassan., Nawal N Elmofti.,(2019). Identification and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Escherichia coli Isolated from Broilers Farms in Bahri Locality/Sudan ACTA.. Scientific Nutritionnal health. 3 , 11 .
17-Elmi ,S., Simons,D ., Elton,L ., Haider,N ., Abdel Hamid,M ., Shuaib,A., d Azam Khan,M., Othman,L., Kock,R .,(2021). Abdinasir Yusuf Osman Identification of Risk Factors Associated with Resistant Escherichia coli Isolates from Poultry Farms in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia: A Cross Sectional Study. Antibiotics, 10 (11):2 – 17.
18 - El Seedy, F.Ra ., Abed, A.Ha ., Wafaa, M.M. Hb ., Bosila, A.Sc ., Abeer Mwafyd.,(2019). Antimicrobial resistance and molecular characterization of pathogenic E. coli isolated from chickens .Journal of vetenrary. Medical research .,(2019). 26 (2): 280 -292.
19-Ewers, Christa., Janssen Traute., Kiessling Sabling., Philipp hans and Wieler Lother. (2004). Molecular epidemiology of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) isolated from colisepticemia in poultry. Veterinary Microbiology, 10(4):91-101.
20-Geetha M and Palanive K. M.,(2018). Avian Colibacillosis - A Mini Review, Int. J. Pure App Biosci, 6 (1):376-380.
21-Grakh,S., MittalI,D., Parkash,A ., Haryana,H.,(2020). Assesing The Potential Risk Factors Associated With Avian Colibacilosis Using Questionnaire.Vet, 59(1): 71-74.
22-Halfaoui., Nabil Mohamed Menoueri., Lyes Mohamed Bendali .,(2017).Serogrouping and antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from broiler chicken with colibacillosis in center of Algeria .Veterinary World, 10(7): 830-835.
23-Hardiati,A ., Safika,S ., Teguh Wibawan,I ., Indrawati,A ., Hasmi,F.,(2021). Isolation and detection of antibiotics resistance genes of Escherichia coli from broiler farms in Sukabumi, Indonesi. 8(1): 84–90.
25- jacobI., (2015). Antibiotics Approved for Use Convetional poultary production Americas land-grand universities enabled extension.or.
26- Joseph ,j. , Jennings, M ., Barbieri ,N ., Zhang, L., Adhikari ,P., Ramachandran ,R.,(2023). Characterization of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Broiler Breeders with Colibacillosis in Mississippi . Poultry, 2: 24–39.
27- Jakaria, A., Ariful, M. I. and Minara, M. Kh., (2012). Prevalence, Characteristics and Antibiogram Profiles of Escherichia coli Isolated from Apparently Healthy Chickens in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Microbes and Health, 1 (1) pp:27-29.
28-Kathayat,D, Lokesh,D., Ranjit,S ., Rajashekara,G.,(2021).Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC): An Overview of Virulence and Pathogenesis Factors, Zoonotic Potential, and Control Strategies. Pathogens , 10: 467.
29-Khong,M ., Snyder,M., Magnaterra,A., Young,M. ,. Barbieri,Y.,y Weimer,S ., (2023) .Antimicrobial resistance profile of Escherichia coli isolated from poultry litter .Poultry Science 102.
30-Koju ,P., Shrestha ,J., Shrestha ,A., Tamrakar ,S., Rai A. , Shrestha ,P., Kumar,S . , Katuwal ,N., Shrestha A. , Shrestha ,A. , Shrestha ,S. , Karki ,P., Tamang,P ., Thekkur ,P., Shrestha,S.,(2022). Antimicrobial Resistance in E. coli Isolated from Chicken Cecum Samples and Factors Contributing to Antimicrobial Resistance in Nepal . Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 7: 249.
31-Kremples., D.,(2005).Culture and Sensitivity Testing , House Rabbit Society of Miami, University of Miami, Bio.Depart
32-Lawal,l., Jajere,S., Geidam,Y., Bello,AWakil ,Y. Mustapha,M.,(2015). Antibiotic Residues in Edible Poultry Tissues and Products in Nigeria: A Potential Public Health Hazard . International Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 7(3): 55-6.
33-Mansaray , H. D. ., . Yankson, D, P. Y . , . Johnson, R. A. B . , Moses, F. L., Sam Kanu, J. , Franklyn,i K . , Rony Zachariah . , Kumar ,A.M. V., Selvaraj. K.,(2022). Bacterial Isolates and Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Fresh Poultry Excreta Used for Vegetable Farming in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health . 19, 5405.
34-Mudenda ,S., Malama,S , Munyeme,M , Matafwali,P . , Kapila. , Patrick Katemangwe., , Geoffrey Mainda., Mukubesa,A , Hadunka,M ., John Bwalya Muma.,(2023).Antimicrobial resistance profiles of Escherichia coli isolated from laying hens in Zambia: implications and significance on one health. JAC Antimicrob Resist.
35- Moffo,R ., Mouiche,M ., Djomgang,H ., Tombe,P ., Kochivi,A ., Dongmo,J ., Mbah,C ., Mapiefou,N ., Ngogang,M ., Awah-Ndukum,J.,(2021).Poultry Litter Contamination by Escherichia coli Resistant to Critically Important Antimicrobials for Human and Animal Use and Risk for Public Health in Cameroon.Antibiotics , 10: 402.
36-Mulchandani, R., Wang, Y., Gilbert, M., Van Boeckel, T.P.,( 2023).Global trends in antimicrobial use in food-producing animals: 2020 to 2030. PLoS Glob. Public Health, 3.
37-Pereira ,l., E. Sidjabat ,H., Davis ,S. , Silva ,P. , Alves, A. ,Santos ,C. , Jong,J . ,Conceição . F. , Jesus,N., Ximenes,F . Nunes,J . , Faria,I ., Lopes,I. , Barnes ,t. McKenzie .j., Oakley ,t. -, Francis,j . , Yan, J., Ting,s.,( 2024).Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella Species Isolates from Chickens in Live Bird Markets and Boot Swabs from Layer Farms in Timor. Antibiotics, 13(120).
38- Quinn, P.J., Markey, B.K., Carter, M.E., Donnelly, W.J.C., Leonard, F.C., (2002). Veterinary microbiology and microbial diseases.1st Iowa State University Press Blackwell Science.536p.
39-Roseliza, R., Khairani-BejoS., Zunita, Z., Ramlan, M., Khoo,E. And Rosnah,Y.,(2016). Antibioti ResistanceOf EsherichiaS Coli Isolated From Chicken In Malaysia.2016. Malaysian Journal of Veterinary Research, 7 (1):65
40-Roy, P., Purushothaman, V.A., Koteeswavan, A and Dhillon, A.S .,(2006). Isolation, Characterization and Antimicrobial drug resistance pattern of Escherichia coli isolated from Japanese quail and their environment. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 15:442-446.
41- Saeed, M.A., Saqlain, M., Waheed, U., Ehtisham-ul-Haque, S., Khan, A.U., Rehman, A.u., Sajid, M., Atif, F.A., Neubauer, H., El-Adawy, H., (2023). Cross-Sectional Study for Detection and Risk Factor Analysis of ESBL-Producing Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Associated with Backyard Chickens in Pakistan. Antibiotics, 12: 934.
42-Sarba,E1., Kelbesa,K. , Dandecha ,M ., Gebremedhin,E.,(2019). Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Escherichia coli isolated from backyard chicken in and around ambo, Central Ethiopia , Bizunesh Mideksa Borena1 and Ayichew TeshaleSarba et al. BMC Veterinary Research . 15:85.
43- Smith James L., Pina ,M. Fratamico, and Gunther, W,Nereus., (2007).Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 4 (2):135-163.
44- Sgariglia.,E., Nicholas Aconiti Mandolini ., Maira Napoleoni, Laura Medici, Roberta Fraticelli, Michela Conquista, Paola Gianfelici, Monica Staffolani, Stefano Fisichella, Marinella Capuccella, Marta Sargenti and Gianni Perugini.,(2019).Antibiotic resistance pattern and virulence genes in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) from different breeding systems. Veterinaria Italiana, 55 (1): 27-33.
45- Sun, Q.,X.Xu and L.Zhao., (2019). Virulence factors and antibiotic resistance of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in eastern China. J Vet Res, 63:317-320.
46- White, D. G., Piddock, L. J. V., Maurer, J. J., Zhao, S.; Ricci, V. & Thayer, S. G., (2000). Characterization of Fluoroquinolone Resistance among Veterinary Isolates of Avian Escherichia coli. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 44(10):2897-2899.
منشور
2024-11-03
How to Cite
afef, alaa, العمرع. ا., & نيصافي ع. (2024). دراسة فاعلية بعض الصادات الحيوية على جراثيم الإيشريكية القولونية Escherichia coli )) المعزولة من دجاج اللحم في طرطوس. Journal of Hama University , 7(العاشر). Retrieved from https://hama-univ.edu.sy/ojs/index.php/huj/article/view/1957
القسم
Department of Agriculture Engineering
