الملخص
This research aims at studying the changes in the blood profile caused by brodifacoum poisoning, including a total count of red blood cells, total count of white blood cells, platelets count, haematocrit and coagulation time. The experiment was conducted on 48 broiler chickens at the age of two weeks, divided into four groups, each of which includes (12) birds. Then the birds were given a single oral dose of brodifacoum 0.005% (2.25-4.5-9) mg/kg respectively except the control group who were not given such doses. Clinical symptoms and mortality were recorded. Blood samples of four birds from each group were collected randomly after 24 hours on the fifth and ninth days of administration
The Results: Some neurological disorders, bleeding in the eyes-the ears and the subcutaneous layers were observed. The birds which had the higher dose showed the most severe symptoms. Changes in the rate of blood cellular components were regarded, significant decrease (P≤0.05) in the total number of red blood cells, platelets, haematocrit, and showed a significant increase (P≤0.05) in the total number of white blood cells, and a significant increase (P≤0.05) in the time of clotting, 24 hours after administration the brodifacoum and continued until the end of the experiment on the ninth day.
We conclude: that the exposure of chickens to brodifacoum that is used in rodent control, showed many toxic effects, the most important of it were manifested in the form of changes in the rate of blood cellular components, which increased with increasing both dose and time, which may be considered diagnostic evidence
References
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27. Rattner, B. A., Volker, S. F., Lankton, J. S., Bean, T. G., Lazarus, R. S., & Horak, K. E. (2020). Brodifacoum toxicity in American kestrels (Falco sparverius) with evidence of increased hazard on subsequent anticoagulant rodenticide exposure. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 39(2), 468-481.
28. Robben, J. H., Mout, H. C., & Kuijpers, E. A. (1997). Anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning in dogs in the Netherlands. Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde, 122(17), 466-471.
29. Robertson, H. A., Colbourne, R. M., & Nieuwland, F. (1993). Survival of little spotted kiwi and other forest birds exposed to brodifacoum rat poison on Red Mercury Island. Notornis, 40(4), 253-262.
30. Vandenbroucke, V., Bousquet-Melou, A., De Backer, P., & Croubels, S. (2008). Pharmacokinetics of eight anticoagulant rodenticides in mice after single oral administration. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, 31(5), 437-445.
31. Vindenes, V., Karinen, R., Hasvold, I., Bernard, J. P., Mørland, J. G., & Christophersen, A. S. (2008). Bromadiolone poisoning: LC–MS method and pharmacokinetic data. Journal of forensic sciences, 53(4), 993-996.
32. Ware, K. M., Feinstein, D. L., Rubinstein, I., Weinberg, G., Rovin, B. H., Hebert, L., & Brodsky, S. V. (2015). Brodifacoum induces early hemoglobinuria and late hematuria in rats: novel rapid biomarkers of poisoning. American journal of nephrology, 41(4-5), 392-399.
33. Watt, B. E., Proudfoot, A. T., Bradberry, S. M., & Vale, J. A. (2005). Anticoagulant rodenticides. Toxicological reviews, 24(4), 259-269.
34. Weitz, J. I. (2011). Blood coagulation and anticoagulant, fibrinolytic, and antiplatelet drugs. Goodman & Gilman’s: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 12th ed. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill Medical
35. Worthing, C. R. (1991). The Pesticide Manual A World Compendium 9TH ed. Worthing, CR (Ed.). The Pesticide Manual: A World Compendium, 9th Edition. Xlvii+ 1141p. British Crop Protection Council: Farnham, England, Uk. Illus. Isbn 0-948404-42-6.; 0 (0). 1991. Xlvii+ 1141p., 6.
36. Zawadzki, M., & Szpot, P. (2019). Anticoagulant Rodenticides Poisonings in Humans and Animals–Short Review.
2. Bachmann, K. A., & Sullivan, T. J. (1983). Dispositional and pharmacodynamic characteristics of brodifacoum in warfarin-sensitive rats. Pharmacology, 27(5), 281-288.
3. Bailey, C. I., Fisher, P., & Eason, C. T. (2005). Assessing anticoagulant resistance in rats and coagulation effects in birds using small-volume blood samples. New Zealand. Department of Conservation. pp. (7).
4. Berny, P. J., Buronfosse, T., & Lorgue, G. (1995). Anticoagulant poisoning in animals: a simple new high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method for the simultaneous determination of eight anticoagulant rodenticides in liver samples. Journal of analytical toxicology, 19(7), 576-580.
5. Boermans, H. J., Johnstone, I., Black, W. D., & Murphy, M. (1991). Clinical signs laboratory changes and toxicokinetics of brodifacoum in the horse. Canadian journal of veterinary research, 55(1), 21.,
6. Brakes, C. R., & Smith, R. H. (2005). Exposure of non‐target small mammals to rodenticides: short‐term effects, recovery and implications for secondary poisoning. Journal of Applied Ecology, 42(1), 118-128.
7. Buckle, A. P., & Smith, R. H. (2015). 19 Rodent Control: Back to the Future (the Sequel). Rodent Pests and Their Control, 397.
8. Campbell, A., & Chapman, M. (2000). Appendix 3: Normal values for cats and dogs In Handbook of poisoning in dogs and cats (pp. 267–268). Hoboken.
9. Chua, J. D., & Friedenberg, W. R. (1998). Superwarfarin poisoning. Archives of internal medicine, 158(17), 1929-1932.
10. Ðpakauskas, V., Klimienë, I., Ruþauskas, M., & Bandzaitë, V. (2005). Toxicity and effectiveness of indirect anticoagulants bramodiolone and brodifacoum. Biologija, (4), 77-81.
11. Eckhardt, M. (2008). The role and metabolism of sulfatide in the nervous system. Molecular neurobiology, 37(2), 93-103.
12. El-Bahrawy, A. F., & Morsy, T. A. (1990). The effect of some anticoagulants against three commensal rodents under laboratory conditions. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 20(1), 289-295.
13. Gül, N., Yiğit, N., Saygılı, F., Demirel, E., & Geniş, C. (2016). Comparison of the effects of difenacoum and brodifacoum on the ultrastructure of rat liver cells. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 67(3), 204-209.
14.Grindem, C. B. (2011). Schalm's Veterinary Hematology, Editors: Douglas J. Weiss, K. Jane Wardrop. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 2(40), 270-270.
15. Hadler, M. R.; Shadbolt, R. S. (1975). Novel 4-hydroxycoumarin anticoagulants active against resistant rats. Nature 253: 277-282.
16. Hauck, Z. Z. (2017). Tissue distribution, pharmacokinetics and metabolism of brodifacoum: a superwarfarin (Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Chicago).
17. Kammerer, M., Pouliquen, H., Pinault, L., & Loyau, M. (1998). Residues depletion in egg after warfarin ingestion by laying hens. Veterinary and human toxicology, 40(5), 273-275.
18.Kerr, M. G. (2008). Veterinary laboratory medicine: Clinical biochemistry and haematology. John Wiley & Sons.
19. King, N., & Tran, M. H. (2015). Long-acting anticoagulant rodenticide (superwarfarin) poisoning: a review of its historical development, epidemiology, and clinical management. Transfusion medicine reviews, 29(4), 250-258.
20. Kohtrula, H., G. Nakamura and M.A. Zumiyama. (1989). Biochemical basis of carbon tetrachloride induced toxicity. J. Lab. Toxicol., 13, 35-45
21. Lee, H. J., You, M. R., Moon, W. R., Sul, H., Chung, C. H., Park, C. Y., & Park, S. G. (2014). Evaluation of risk factors in patients with vitamin K-dependent coagulopathy presumed to be caused by exposure to brodifacoum. The Korean journal of internal medicine, 29(4), 498.
22. Lefebvre, S., Fourel, I., Queffélec, S., Vodovar, D., Megarbane, B., Benoit, E., ... & Lattard, V. (2017). Poisoning by anticoagulant rodenticides in humans and animals: causes and consequences. Poisoning—From Specifi c Toxic Agents to Novel Rapid and Simplifi ed Techniques for Analysis. IntechOpen, 11-32.
23. Lichtman, M. A., Kaushansky, K., Kipps, T. J., Prchal, J. T., & Levi, M. M. (2011). Williams Manual of Hematology. McGraw-Hill.
23. Marangoni, M. N., Martynowycz, M. W., Kuzmenko, I., Braun, D., Polak, P. E., Weinberg, G., ... & Feinstein, D. L. (2016). Membrane cholesterol modulates superwarfarin toxicity. Biophysical journal, 110(8), 1777-1788.
24.McEver, R. P. (2001). Adhesive interactions of leukocytes, platelets, and the vessel wall during hemostasis and inflammation. Thrombosis and haemostasis, 86(09), 746-756.
25. Oldenburg, J., Bevans, C. G., Müller, C. R., & Watzka, M. (2006). Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1): the key protein of the vitamin K cycle. Antioxidants & redox signaling, 8(3-4), 347-353.
26. Olmos, V., & López, C. M. (2007). Brodifacoum poisoning with toxicokinetic data. Clinical toxicology, 45(5), 487-489.
27. Rattner, B. A., Volker, S. F., Lankton, J. S., Bean, T. G., Lazarus, R. S., & Horak, K. E. (2020). Brodifacoum toxicity in American kestrels (Falco sparverius) with evidence of increased hazard on subsequent anticoagulant rodenticide exposure. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 39(2), 468-481.
28. Robben, J. H., Mout, H. C., & Kuijpers, E. A. (1997). Anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning in dogs in the Netherlands. Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde, 122(17), 466-471.
29. Robertson, H. A., Colbourne, R. M., & Nieuwland, F. (1993). Survival of little spotted kiwi and other forest birds exposed to brodifacoum rat poison on Red Mercury Island. Notornis, 40(4), 253-262.
30. Vandenbroucke, V., Bousquet-Melou, A., De Backer, P., & Croubels, S. (2008). Pharmacokinetics of eight anticoagulant rodenticides in mice after single oral administration. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, 31(5), 437-445.
31. Vindenes, V., Karinen, R., Hasvold, I., Bernard, J. P., Mørland, J. G., & Christophersen, A. S. (2008). Bromadiolone poisoning: LC–MS method and pharmacokinetic data. Journal of forensic sciences, 53(4), 993-996.
32. Ware, K. M., Feinstein, D. L., Rubinstein, I., Weinberg, G., Rovin, B. H., Hebert, L., & Brodsky, S. V. (2015). Brodifacoum induces early hemoglobinuria and late hematuria in rats: novel rapid biomarkers of poisoning. American journal of nephrology, 41(4-5), 392-399.
33. Watt, B. E., Proudfoot, A. T., Bradberry, S. M., & Vale, J. A. (2005). Anticoagulant rodenticides. Toxicological reviews, 24(4), 259-269.
34. Weitz, J. I. (2011). Blood coagulation and anticoagulant, fibrinolytic, and antiplatelet drugs. Goodman & Gilman’s: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 12th ed. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill Medical
35. Worthing, C. R. (1991). The Pesticide Manual A World Compendium 9TH ed. Worthing, CR (Ed.). The Pesticide Manual: A World Compendium, 9th Edition. Xlvii+ 1141p. British Crop Protection Council: Farnham, England, Uk. Illus. Isbn 0-948404-42-6.; 0 (0). 1991. Xlvii+ 1141p., 6.
36. Zawadzki, M., & Szpot, P. (2019). Anticoagulant Rodenticides Poisonings in Humans and Animals–Short Review.