الملخص
يهدف البحث إلى دراسة تغيرات الصورة الدموية الناجمة عن التسمم بالبروديفاكوم، وتشمل العد الكلي لخلايا الدم الحمر، العد الكلي لخلايا الدم البيض، عدد الصفيحات الدموية، مكداس الدم، وزمن التخثر.
أُجريت التجربة على (48) طائراَ من دجاج اللحم بعمر أسبوعين، قُسمت الى أربع مجموعات، تضم كل واحدة منها (12) طائر. أُعطِيَت الطيور باستثناء مجموعة الشاهد جرعة واحدة فقط من البروديفاكوم 0.005% عن طريق الفم بجرعات (2.25 -4.5 -9) ملغ/كغ على الترتيب. وسُجلَت الأعراض الإكلينيكية ونسبة النفوق خلال التجربة. أُختيرت عينة عشوائية مؤلفة من أربعة طيور من كل مجموعة وجُمعت منها عينات الدم بعد 24 ساعة وفي اليومين الخامس والتاسع من إعطاء البروديفاكوم.
النتائج: لوحظت بعض الاضطرابات العصبية لدى الطيور قبل النفوق ونزف في العينين والأذنين وتحت الجلد؛ بدت هذه الأعراض أشد لدى المجموعات التي تناولت الجرعات الاعلى. اظهرت نتائج دراسة المعايير الدموية انخفاضاً معنوياً P≤0.05)) في كل من العدد الكلي لخلايا الدم الحمر والصفيحات الدموية ومكداس الدم، كما أظهرت ارتفاعاً معنوياً P≤0.05)) في العدد الكلي لكريات الدم البيض، وزيادة معنويةP≤0.05)) في زمن التخثر بعد 24 ساعة من إعطاء البروديفاكوم واستمرت هذه التغيرات حتى نهاية التجربة في اليوم التاسع.
نستنتج: أن تعرض الدجاج للبروديفاكوم المستخدم في مكافحة القوارض أظهر العديد من الاثار السمية تجلت على شكل نزوف ظاهرية وتغيرات في معدل مكونات الدم الخلوية والتي ازدادت بازدياد كل من الجرعة والوقت والتي يمكن اعتبارها ضمن الأدلة التشخيصية.
المراجع
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27. Rattner, B. A., Volker, S. F., Lankton, J. S., Bean, T. G., Lazarus, R. S., & Horak, K. E. (2020). Brodifacoum toxicity in American kestrels (Falco sparverius) with evidence of increased hazard on subsequent anticoagulant rodenticide exposure. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 39(2), 468-481.
28. Robben, J. H., Mout, H. C., & Kuijpers, E. A. (1997). Anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning in dogs in the Netherlands. Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde, 122(17), 466-471.
29. Robertson, H. A., Colbourne, R. M., & Nieuwland, F. (1993). Survival of little spotted kiwi and other forest birds exposed to brodifacoum rat poison on Red Mercury Island. Notornis, 40(4), 253-262.
30. Vandenbroucke, V., Bousquet-Melou, A., De Backer, P., & Croubels, S. (2008). Pharmacokinetics of eight anticoagulant rodenticides in mice after single oral administration. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, 31(5), 437-445.
31. Vindenes, V., Karinen, R., Hasvold, I., Bernard, J. P., Mørland, J. G., & Christophersen, A. S. (2008). Bromadiolone poisoning: LC–MS method and pharmacokinetic data. Journal of forensic sciences, 53(4), 993-996.
32. Ware, K. M., Feinstein, D. L., Rubinstein, I., Weinberg, G., Rovin, B. H., Hebert, L., & Brodsky, S. V. (2015). Brodifacoum induces early hemoglobinuria and late hematuria in rats: novel rapid biomarkers of poisoning. American journal of nephrology, 41(4-5), 392-399.
33. Watt, B. E., Proudfoot, A. T., Bradberry, S. M., & Vale, J. A. (2005). Anticoagulant rodenticides. Toxicological reviews, 24(4), 259-269.
34. Weitz, J. I. (2011). Blood coagulation and anticoagulant, fibrinolytic, and antiplatelet drugs. Goodman & Gilman’s: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 12th ed. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill Medical
35. Worthing, C. R. (1991). The Pesticide Manual A World Compendium 9TH ed. Worthing, CR (Ed.). The Pesticide Manual: A World Compendium, 9th Edition. Xlvii+ 1141p. British Crop Protection Council: Farnham, England, Uk. Illus. Isbn 0-948404-42-6.; 0 (0). 1991. Xlvii+ 1141p., 6.
36. Zawadzki, M., & Szpot, P. (2019). Anticoagulant Rodenticides Poisonings in Humans and Animals–Short Review.
2. Bachmann, K. A., & Sullivan, T. J. (1983). Dispositional and pharmacodynamic characteristics of brodifacoum in warfarin-sensitive rats. Pharmacology, 27(5), 281-288.
3. Bailey, C. I., Fisher, P., & Eason, C. T. (2005). Assessing anticoagulant resistance in rats and coagulation effects in birds using small-volume blood samples. New Zealand. Department of Conservation. pp. (7).
4. Berny, P. J., Buronfosse, T., & Lorgue, G. (1995). Anticoagulant poisoning in animals: a simple new high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method for the simultaneous determination of eight anticoagulant rodenticides in liver samples. Journal of analytical toxicology, 19(7), 576-580.
5. Boermans, H. J., Johnstone, I., Black, W. D., & Murphy, M. (1991). Clinical signs laboratory changes and toxicokinetics of brodifacoum in the horse. Canadian journal of veterinary research, 55(1), 21.,
6. Brakes, C. R., & Smith, R. H. (2005). Exposure of non‐target small mammals to rodenticides: short‐term effects, recovery and implications for secondary poisoning. Journal of Applied Ecology, 42(1), 118-128.
7. Buckle, A. P., & Smith, R. H. (2015). 19 Rodent Control: Back to the Future (the Sequel). Rodent Pests and Their Control, 397.
8. Campbell, A., & Chapman, M. (2000). Appendix 3: Normal values for cats and dogs In Handbook of poisoning in dogs and cats (pp. 267–268). Hoboken.
9. Chua, J. D., & Friedenberg, W. R. (1998). Superwarfarin poisoning. Archives of internal medicine, 158(17), 1929-1932.
10. Ðpakauskas, V., Klimienë, I., Ruþauskas, M., & Bandzaitë, V. (2005). Toxicity and effectiveness of indirect anticoagulants bramodiolone and brodifacoum. Biologija, (4), 77-81.
11. Eckhardt, M. (2008). The role and metabolism of sulfatide in the nervous system. Molecular neurobiology, 37(2), 93-103.
12. El-Bahrawy, A. F., & Morsy, T. A. (1990). The effect of some anticoagulants against three commensal rodents under laboratory conditions. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 20(1), 289-295.
13. Gül, N., Yiğit, N., Saygılı, F., Demirel, E., & Geniş, C. (2016). Comparison of the effects of difenacoum and brodifacoum on the ultrastructure of rat liver cells. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 67(3), 204-209.
14.Grindem, C. B. (2011). Schalm's Veterinary Hematology, Editors: Douglas J. Weiss, K. Jane Wardrop. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 2(40), 270-270.
15. Hadler, M. R.; Shadbolt, R. S. (1975). Novel 4-hydroxycoumarin anticoagulants active against resistant rats. Nature 253: 277-282.
16. Hauck, Z. Z. (2017). Tissue distribution, pharmacokinetics and metabolism of brodifacoum: a superwarfarin (Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Chicago).
17. Kammerer, M., Pouliquen, H., Pinault, L., & Loyau, M. (1998). Residues depletion in egg after warfarin ingestion by laying hens. Veterinary and human toxicology, 40(5), 273-275.
18.Kerr, M. G. (2008). Veterinary laboratory medicine: Clinical biochemistry and haematology. John Wiley & Sons.
19. King, N., & Tran, M. H. (2015). Long-acting anticoagulant rodenticide (superwarfarin) poisoning: a review of its historical development, epidemiology, and clinical management. Transfusion medicine reviews, 29(4), 250-258.
20. Kohtrula, H., G. Nakamura and M.A. Zumiyama. (1989). Biochemical basis of carbon tetrachloride induced toxicity. J. Lab. Toxicol., 13, 35-45
21. Lee, H. J., You, M. R., Moon, W. R., Sul, H., Chung, C. H., Park, C. Y., & Park, S. G. (2014). Evaluation of risk factors in patients with vitamin K-dependent coagulopathy presumed to be caused by exposure to brodifacoum. The Korean journal of internal medicine, 29(4), 498.
22. Lefebvre, S., Fourel, I., Queffélec, S., Vodovar, D., Megarbane, B., Benoit, E., ... & Lattard, V. (2017). Poisoning by anticoagulant rodenticides in humans and animals: causes and consequences. Poisoning—From Specifi c Toxic Agents to Novel Rapid and Simplifi ed Techniques for Analysis. IntechOpen, 11-32.
23. Lichtman, M. A., Kaushansky, K., Kipps, T. J., Prchal, J. T., & Levi, M. M. (2011). Williams Manual of Hematology. McGraw-Hill.
23. Marangoni, M. N., Martynowycz, M. W., Kuzmenko, I., Braun, D., Polak, P. E., Weinberg, G., ... & Feinstein, D. L. (2016). Membrane cholesterol modulates superwarfarin toxicity. Biophysical journal, 110(8), 1777-1788.
24.McEver, R. P. (2001). Adhesive interactions of leukocytes, platelets, and the vessel wall during hemostasis and inflammation. Thrombosis and haemostasis, 86(09), 746-756.
25. Oldenburg, J., Bevans, C. G., Müller, C. R., & Watzka, M. (2006). Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1): the key protein of the vitamin K cycle. Antioxidants & redox signaling, 8(3-4), 347-353.
26. Olmos, V., & López, C. M. (2007). Brodifacoum poisoning with toxicokinetic data. Clinical toxicology, 45(5), 487-489.
27. Rattner, B. A., Volker, S. F., Lankton, J. S., Bean, T. G., Lazarus, R. S., & Horak, K. E. (2020). Brodifacoum toxicity in American kestrels (Falco sparverius) with evidence of increased hazard on subsequent anticoagulant rodenticide exposure. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 39(2), 468-481.
28. Robben, J. H., Mout, H. C., & Kuijpers, E. A. (1997). Anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning in dogs in the Netherlands. Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde, 122(17), 466-471.
29. Robertson, H. A., Colbourne, R. M., & Nieuwland, F. (1993). Survival of little spotted kiwi and other forest birds exposed to brodifacoum rat poison on Red Mercury Island. Notornis, 40(4), 253-262.
30. Vandenbroucke, V., Bousquet-Melou, A., De Backer, P., & Croubels, S. (2008). Pharmacokinetics of eight anticoagulant rodenticides in mice after single oral administration. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, 31(5), 437-445.
31. Vindenes, V., Karinen, R., Hasvold, I., Bernard, J. P., Mørland, J. G., & Christophersen, A. S. (2008). Bromadiolone poisoning: LC–MS method and pharmacokinetic data. Journal of forensic sciences, 53(4), 993-996.
32. Ware, K. M., Feinstein, D. L., Rubinstein, I., Weinberg, G., Rovin, B. H., Hebert, L., & Brodsky, S. V. (2015). Brodifacoum induces early hemoglobinuria and late hematuria in rats: novel rapid biomarkers of poisoning. American journal of nephrology, 41(4-5), 392-399.
33. Watt, B. E., Proudfoot, A. T., Bradberry, S. M., & Vale, J. A. (2005). Anticoagulant rodenticides. Toxicological reviews, 24(4), 259-269.
34. Weitz, J. I. (2011). Blood coagulation and anticoagulant, fibrinolytic, and antiplatelet drugs. Goodman & Gilman’s: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 12th ed. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill Medical
35. Worthing, C. R. (1991). The Pesticide Manual A World Compendium 9TH ed. Worthing, CR (Ed.). The Pesticide Manual: A World Compendium, 9th Edition. Xlvii+ 1141p. British Crop Protection Council: Farnham, England, Uk. Illus. Isbn 0-948404-42-6.; 0 (0). 1991. Xlvii+ 1141p., 6.
36. Zawadzki, M., & Szpot, P. (2019). Anticoagulant Rodenticides Poisonings in Humans and Animals–Short Review.