تقييم تأثير الترامادول والزيلازين والكيتامين في بعض المعايير الكيمياحيوية في أثناء التخدير عند الكلاب الخاضعة لمفاغرة الأمعاء

سامر حنوف; أغر دعاس; واصف الوسوف

المقالات

مجلد 1 عدد 1 (2026): إصدار العدد الأول من مجلة جامعة حماة _ سلسلة العلوم الطبية والصحية

تقييم تأثير الترامادول والزيلازين والكيتامين في بعض المعايير الكيمياحيوية في أثناء التخدير عند الكلاب الخاضعة لمفاغرة الأمعاء

سامر حنوف^▸^▾
أغر دعاس
واصف الوسوف

تقييم تأثير الترامادول والزيلازين والكيتامين في بعض المعايير الكيمياحيوية في أثناء التخدير عند الكلاب الخاضعة لمفاغرة الأمعاء

مقدم: مايو 31, 2026
منشور: أغسطس 27, 2026

الملخص

يهدف هذا البحث لتقييم سلامة وفعّالية استخدام الترامادول بالمشاركة مع الزيلازين والكيتامين، وتأثيره في بعض المعايير الكيمياحيوية عند الكلاب الخاضعة لعملية المفاغرة المعوية.

أجري البحث على 8 كلاب (دون سلالة) سليمة إكلينيكياً، بمتوسط عمر (0.82±2) سنة ومتوسط وزن (3.58±19) كغ، حيث حقنت المجموعة (TXK) بالترامادول 4 ملغ/كغ والزيلازين 1ملغ/كغ والكيتامين 5 ملغ/كغ عضلياً. واستمر العمل الجراحي (2.5±37.5) دقيقة.

أظهرت نتائج معايرة سكر الدم ارتفاعاً معنوياً خلال الأزمنة (120-60-30-15) دقيقة و(24) ساعة بعد الحقن، وأظهر كلاً من البولة والكرياتينين ارتفاعاً معنوياً خلال الأزمنة (120-60-30-15) دقيقة بعد الحقن، فيما أظهرت نتائج معايرة البروتين الكلي والألبومين حدوث انخفاضاً معنوياً خلال الأزمنة (120-60-30-15) دقيقة بعد الحقن.

كما أظهرت نتائج معايرة الأنزيمات الكبدية (ALT, AST, CpK, GGT) حدوث ارتفاعاً معنوياً خلال الأزمنة (120-60-30-15) دقيقة بعد الحقن، وأظهرت نتائج معايرة الشوارد الدموية (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cl) حدوث انخفاضاً معنوياً خلال الأزمنة (120-60-30-15) دقيقة بعد الحقن، وتم عودة جميع المعايير الكيمياحيوية بعد (24) ساعة باستثناء السكر، واعتبرت الفروقات معنوية عندP ≤ 0.05 .

نستنتج سلامة تأثير بروتوكول (TXK) في بعض المعايير الكيمياحيوية عند الكلاب الخاضعة لمفاغرة الأمعاء.

المراجع

8- References
Akhtardanesh, B., Sharifi, H., Rasooli, R. and Aghazamani, M. (2014). Evaluation of haematological and biochemical changes after shortterm tramadol usage in healthy dogs. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 8(1):41-45.
Al Bayati, M.T.N. (2015). A Comparative study between of effect of tramadol and xylazine as premedication those followed by ketamine anesthesia in dogs. Kufa Journal of Veterinary Medical Sciences, 6 (2): 177-182.
Camkerten, G., Sindak, N., Özkurt, G., and Camkerten, I. (2015). Evaluation of some serum biochemical parameters and cardiac biomarkers in dogs anesthetized with xylazine-ketamine combination. Journal of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 21(4): 543-548.
Cata, J.P., Bugada, D., Marchesini, M., De Gregor, M. and Allegri, M., (2016). Opioids and cancer recurrence: a brief review of the literature. Can. Cell Microenviron, 3: p1159.
Ellison, G.W., Case, J.B. and Regier, P.J. (2019). Intestinal surgery in small animals: historical foundations, current thinking, and future horizons. Vet. Surg. 48(7): 1171-1180.
El-Sherif., M.W. (2018). Anesthetic, analgesic and physiological effects of intramuscular xylazine-ketamine cocktail alone or with tramadol in cats undergoing orchiectomy. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Research, 5(9): 1160:1-4.
Giudice, E., (2019). Clinical findings in degenerative lumbosacral stenosis (DLSS) in ten dogs-a pilot study on the analgesic activity of tramadol and gabapentin. J Vet Behav, 33:7-15.
Giuffrida, M.A. and Brown, D.C. (2018). Small intestine. In Veterinary Surgery: Small Animals. 2nd ed. Eds., Johnston S.A. and Tobias K.M. Missouri: Elsevier, pp: 1730-1761.
Grimm, k., Lamont, L.A., Tranquilli, W.J., Greene, S.A. and Robertson, S.A. (2015). Lumb and Jones veterinary anesthesia and analgesia, 5th ed. Edited by USA, Wiley Blackwell, Pp: 386-426.
Hamad, A.A., Abu-Seida, A.M., Torad, F.A., Thabet, N.S., and Gadallah, S.M. (2022). Comparison of the sedative, analgesic, behavioral, hematological and serum biochemistry eﬀects of four analgesics in dogs. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 10(4):942-954.
Hernández‐Godínez, B., Bonilla Jaime, H., Poblano, A., Arteaga‐Silva, M., and Medina Hernández, A .(2019) .Effect of different anesthetic mixtures ketamine-xylazine, ketamine‐acepromazine and tiletamine‐zolazepam on the physiological and blood biochemistry parameters. Animal Models and Experimental Medicine, 2(2): 83-97.
Igna, C., Dascalu. R., Zaha, C. Sicoe, B., Brudiu, I., and Schuszler. L. (2022). Simple Continuous Versus Cushing Suture for Jejunal endto-end Anastomosis in the Dogs: a Comparative Study. Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Veterinary Medicine, 7(2): 32-42.
KuKanich, B., (2013). Outpatient oral analgesics in dogs and cats beyond nonsteroidal antiinflamatory drugs: an evidence-based approach. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract; 43:1109-1112.
KuKanich, B., (2019). Pain management in veterinary species. Pharmacotherapeutics for veterinary dispensing. Wiley Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ, pp 173-188.
Marjani, M., and Dastaran, S., (2012). Comparative efficacy of ketamine-xylazine anesthesia with tramadol, Armaghane-danesh, (YUMSJ),17(2): 111-116.
Mullen, K.M., Regier, P.J., Ellison, G.W. and Londoño, L. (2020). A review of normal intestinal healing, intestinal anastomosis, and the pathophysiology and treatment of intestinal dehiscence in foreign body obstructions in dogs. Top. Companion Anim. Med. 41: 100-457.
Monteiro, E.R., Junior, A.R., Assis, H.M.Q., Campagnol, D. and Quitzan, J.G. (2009). Comparative study on the sedative effects of morphine, methadone, butorphanol or tramadol, in combination with acepromazine, in dogs. Vet. Anesth. Analg. 36(1): 25-33.
Munif, M. R., Alam, M. M., and Alam, M. R., (2021). Hemato-biochemical changes during xylazine-ketamine and xylazine-thiopentone anesthesia in dogs. Bangl. J. Vet. Med. 19 (2): 129-139.
Munif, M.R., Alam, M.M., and Alam, M.R., (2020). Pulse oximetry and clinical changes during electrosurgery in dogs anesthetized with xylazine-thiopentone and xylazine-ketamine combinations. Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries, 7(1): 97-105.
Nawar, M.A., El-Sherif, M.W., Sobhy, A., Shaheen, H. and Kassem, M.M. (2022). Echocardiographic and Biochemical Assessments Following combinations of Acepromazine-Ketamine and Xylazine-Ketamine Anesthesia in Dogs. Damanhour Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 8(1): 11-17.
Nesgash, A., Yaregal, B., Kindu, T., and Hailu, E., (2016). Evaluation of general anesthesia using xylazine-ketamine combination with and without diazepam for ovariohysterectomy in bitches. J. of Veterinary Science and Technology, 7(1): 376-379.
Ralphs, S.C., Jessen, C.R., and Lipowitz, A.J. (2003). Risk factors for leakage following intestinal anastomosis in dogs and cats. J. American Vet. Med. Assoc, 223(1): 73-77.
Saikia, B., Sarma, K.K., and Sarma, K. (2022). Effects of Propofol, Ketamine and their Combination (ketofol) as Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA) on Haematological, Serum Biochemical and Hormonal Profile in the Surgical Management of Canine Patients. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 56(7): 866-872.
Sankar, P., Jastin, W.B., Rao, G.D., Prathaban, S., Suresh, K.R., and Leela, V. (2011). Cardiopulmonary and hematobiochemical alterations during ketamine or propofol anesthesia in acepromazine-xylazine premedicated horses. Indian Journal of Veterinary Surgery, 32(1): 23-26.
Schütter, A.F., Tünsmeyer, J., and Kästner, S.B.R., (2017). Influence of tramadol on acute thermal and mechanical cutaneous nociception in dogs. Vet Anaes Analg; 44(2):309-316.
Sodhi, A.S., Gupta, A.K., Ahmad Bhat, M., Gupta, p. and Bhadwal, M.S. (2017). Evaluation of Xylazine and Acepromazine as Premedicants to Ketamine Anaesthesia in Dogs Insufflated with CO2 during Laparoscopic Vasectomy. Journal of Animal Research, 7(4): 647-652.
Sripati, S. Singh, J., Nath, I., and Das, R.K., (2017). Haemato-biochemical comparision of xylazine/dexmedetomidine in combination with butorphanol /pentazocine as preanesthetic to ketamine anaesthesia in canine pyometra patients. Pharma Innovation J., 6(9): 393-399.
Talukder, M.H., and Hikasa, Y. (2009). Diuretic effects of medetomidine compared with xylazine in healthy dogs. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 73(3):224-236.
Trettene, L.G., Lunardib, M., Barrosb, I.C., and Kempera, D.A.G. (2020). Use of Tramadol in Dogs: a Brief Review. Ensaios e Ciência, 24(5): 469-472..

الكلمات المفتاحية

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كيفية الاقتباس

تقييم تأثير الترامادول والزيلازين والكيتامين في بعض المعايير الكيمياحيوية في أثناء التخدير عند الكلاب الخاضعة لمفاغرة الأمعاء. (2026). سلسلة العلوم الطبية والصحية في مجلة جامعة حماة, 1(1). https://hama-univ.edu.sy/ojs/index.php/SH/article/view/3672

[1] 8- References

[2] Akhtardanesh, B., Sharifi, H., Rasooli, R. and Aghazamani, M. (2014). Evaluation of haematological and biochemical changes after shortterm tramadol usage in healthy dogs. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 8(1):41-45.

[3] Al Bayati, M.T.N. (2015). A Comparative study between of effect of tramadol and xylazine as premedication those followed by ketamine anesthesia in dogs. Kufa Journal of Veterinary Medical Sciences, 6 (2): 177-182.

[4] Camkerten, G., Sindak, N., Özkurt, G., and Camkerten, I. (2015). Evaluation of some serum biochemical parameters and cardiac biomarkers in dogs anesthetized with xylazine-ketamine combination. Journal of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 21(4): 543-548.

[5] Cata, J.P., Bugada, D., Marchesini, M., De Gregor, M. and Allegri, M., (2016). Opioids and cancer recurrence: a brief review of the literature. Can. Cell Microenviron, 3: p1159.

[6] Ellison, G.W., Case, J.B. and Regier, P.J. (2019). Intestinal surgery in small animals: historical foundations, current thinking, and future horizons. Vet. Surg. 48(7): 1171-1180.

[7] El-Sherif., M.W. (2018). Anesthetic, analgesic and physiological effects of intramuscular xylazine-ketamine cocktail alone or with tramadol in cats undergoing orchiectomy. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Research, 5(9): 1160:1-4.

[8] Giudice, E., (2019). Clinical findings in degenerative lumbosacral stenosis (DLSS) in ten dogs-a pilot study on the analgesic activity of tramadol and gabapentin. J Vet Behav, 33:7-15.

[9] Giuffrida, M.A. and Brown, D.C. (2018). Small intestine. In Veterinary Surgery: Small Animals. 2nd ed. Eds., Johnston S.A. and Tobias K.M. Missouri: Elsevier, pp: 1730-1761.

[10] Grimm, k., Lamont, L.A., Tranquilli, W.J., Greene, S.A. and Robertson, S.A. (2015). Lumb and Jones veterinary anesthesia and analgesia, 5th ed. Edited by USA, Wiley Blackwell, Pp: 386-426.

[11] Hamad, A.A., Abu-Seida, A.M., Torad, F.A., Thabet, N.S., and Gadallah, S.M. (2022). Comparison of the sedative, analgesic, behavioral, hematological and serum biochemistry eﬀects of four analgesics in dogs. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 10(4):942-954.

[12] Hernández‐Godínez, B., Bonilla Jaime, H., Poblano, A., Arteaga‐Silva, M., and Medina Hernández, A .(2019) .Effect of different anesthetic mixtures ketamine-xylazine, ketamine‐acepromazine and tiletamine‐zolazepam on the physiological and blood biochemistry parameters. Animal Models and Experimental Medicine, 2(2): 83-97.

[13] Igna, C., Dascalu. R., Zaha, C. Sicoe, B., Brudiu, I., and Schuszler. L. (2022). Simple Continuous Versus Cushing Suture for Jejunal endto-end Anastomosis in the Dogs: a Comparative Study. Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Veterinary Medicine, 7(2): 32-42.

[14] KuKanich, B., (2013). Outpatient oral analgesics in dogs and cats beyond nonsteroidal antiinflamatory drugs: an evidence-based approach. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract; 43:1109-1112.

[15] KuKanich, B., (2019). Pain management in veterinary species. Pharmacotherapeutics for veterinary dispensing. Wiley Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ, pp 173-188.

[16] Marjani, M., and Dastaran, S., (2012). Comparative efficacy of ketamine-xylazine anesthesia with tramadol, Armaghane-danesh, (YUMSJ),17(2): 111-116.

[17] Mullen, K.M., Regier, P.J., Ellison, G.W. and Londoño, L. (2020). A review of normal intestinal healing, intestinal anastomosis, and the pathophysiology and treatment of intestinal dehiscence in foreign body obstructions in dogs. Top. Companion Anim. Med. 41: 100-457.

[18] Monteiro, E.R., Junior, A.R., Assis, H.M.Q., Campagnol, D. and Quitzan, J.G. (2009). Comparative study on the sedative effects of morphine, methadone, butorphanol or tramadol, in combination with acepromazine, in dogs. Vet. Anesth. Analg. 36(1): 25-33.

[19] Munif, M. R., Alam, M. M., and Alam, M. R., (2021). Hemato-biochemical changes during xylazine-ketamine and xylazine-thiopentone anesthesia in dogs. Bangl. J. Vet. Med. 19 (2): 129-139.

[20] Munif, M.R., Alam, M.M., and Alam, M.R., (2020). Pulse oximetry and clinical changes during electrosurgery in dogs anesthetized with xylazine-thiopentone and xylazine-ketamine combinations. Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries, 7(1): 97-105.

[21] Nawar, M.A., El-Sherif, M.W., Sobhy, A., Shaheen, H. and Kassem, M.M. (2022). Echocardiographic and Biochemical Assessments Following combinations of Acepromazine-Ketamine and Xylazine-Ketamine Anesthesia in Dogs. Damanhour Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 8(1): 11-17.

[22] Nesgash, A., Yaregal, B., Kindu, T., and Hailu, E., (2016). Evaluation of general anesthesia using xylazine-ketamine combination with and without diazepam for ovariohysterectomy in bitches. J. of Veterinary Science and Technology, 7(1): 376-379.

[23] Ralphs, S.C., Jessen, C.R., and Lipowitz, A.J. (2003). Risk factors for leakage following intestinal anastomosis in dogs and cats. J. American Vet. Med. Assoc, 223(1): 73-77.

[24] Saikia, B., Sarma, K.K., and Sarma, K. (2022). Effects of Propofol, Ketamine and their Combination (ketofol) as Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA) on Haematological, Serum Biochemical and Hormonal Profile in the Surgical Management of Canine Patients. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 56(7): 866-872.

[25] Sankar, P., Jastin, W.B., Rao, G.D., Prathaban, S., Suresh, K.R., and Leela, V. (2011). Cardiopulmonary and hematobiochemical alterations during ketamine or propofol anesthesia in acepromazine-xylazine premedicated horses. Indian Journal of Veterinary Surgery, 32(1): 23-26.

[26] Schütter, A.F., Tünsmeyer, J., and Kästner, S.B.R., (2017). Influence of tramadol on acute thermal and mechanical cutaneous nociception in dogs. Vet Anaes Analg; 44(2):309-316.

[27] Sodhi, A.S., Gupta, A.K., Ahmad Bhat, M., Gupta, p. and Bhadwal, M.S. (2017). Evaluation of Xylazine and Acepromazine as Premedicants to Ketamine Anaesthesia in Dogs Insufflated with CO2 during Laparoscopic Vasectomy. Journal of Animal Research, 7(4): 647-652.

[28] Sripati, S. Singh, J., Nath, I., and Das, R.K., (2017). Haemato-biochemical comparision of xylazine/dexmedetomidine in combination with butorphanol /pentazocine as preanesthetic to ketamine anaesthesia in canine pyometra patients. Pharma Innovation J., 6(9): 393-399.

[29] Talukder, M.H., and Hikasa, Y. (2009). Diuretic effects of medetomidine compared with xylazine in healthy dogs. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 73(3):224-236.

[30] Trettene, L.G., Lunardib, M., Barrosb, I.C., and Kempera, D.A.G. (2020). Use of Tramadol in Dogs: a Brief Review. Ensaios e Ciência, 24(5): 469-472..