الملخص
This research aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tramadol in combination with half the effective dose of xylazine and ketamine used, and its effect on some clinical indicators and hematological parameters in Bitches undergoing ovariectomy.
The research was conducted on 12 clinically healthy (without progeny) bitches. A age (7-16) months and weight (9-17) kg, the animals were divided into tow groups (n=6 per group). The first group (Xylazine, Ketamine) injected xylazine 2 mg/kg and ketamine 5.5 mg/kg intramuscularly, and the second group (Tramadol, Xylazine, Ketamine ) injected tramadol 4 mg/kg and xylazine 1 mg/kg and ketamine 2.5 mg/kg intramuscularly. Duration of operation (46.00±3.72) minutes.
We found the time onset of anesthesia (5.0±0.0/ 4.0±0.63) minutes, duration of surgical anesthesia (42.33±5.82/ 70.0±11.17) minutes, and duration of analgesia (48.33±9.11/ 242.0±40.20) minutes in the first and second groups, respectively.The results of clinical indicators showed in the first group, a significant decrease in heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature during the times (15-30-60-120) minutes postoperative, and a significant increase in the capillary refill time during the time (15-30-60-120) minutes postoperative. In the second group, a significant decrease in heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature during the times (15-30-60) minutes postoperative, and a significant increase in capillary refill time during the times (15-30-60) minutes postoperative, at the significance level P≤ 0.05.
The results of hematological parameters showed in the first group, a significant decrease in (RBC), (PLT), (Hb) and (PCV) during the times (15-30-60-120) minutes postoperative, and in the second group, a significant decrease in (RBC), (PLT), (Hb) and (PCV) during the times (15-30-60) minutes postoperative. The count (WBC) showed no significant change in both groups, at the significance level P≤ 0.05.
TXK protocol was superior to SXK protocol in producing faster onset of anesthesia, longer duration of anesthesia and analgesia with lower doses, and lower effects on clinical indicators and hematological parameters.
References
Abid AL-Redah, S.A. and Hassan, N. (2011). Efficacy of tramadol as analgesic and mixed with ketamine, xylazine as anesthetic in rabbits. Kufa Journal for Veterinary Medical Sciences, 2 (1): 1-11.
Ajadi, A.R., Olusa, T.A. and Smith, O.F. (2009). Tramadol improved the efficacy of ketamine -xylazine anaesthesia in young pigs. Vet Anaesth Analg, 36(6): 562-566.
Al-ahmad, M., Alhallak, M. and Alomari, A. (2020). The effect of unilateral castration on histological changes in the remaining testicle in dogs. J. of Hama University, 3(1): 1-13.
Al Bayati, M.T.N. (2015). A Comparative study between of effect of tramadol and xylazine as premedication those followed by ketamine anesthesia in dogs. Kufa Journal of Veterinary Medical Sciences, 6 (2): 177-182.
Bryant, S. (2010). Anaesthesia for veterinary techicians.wiley-blackwell. 1st ed. pp: 137-282.
Cata, J.P., Bugada, D., Marchesini, M., De Gregor, M. and Allegri, M. (2016). Opioids and cancer recurrence: a brief review of the literature. Can. Cell Microenviron, 3: p1159.
Clarke, K.W., Trim, C.M. and Hall, L.W. (2014). Principles of sedation, analgesia, and premedication. In: (Eds.), Veterinary Anesthesia, 11th ed., Saunders, W.B., London, United Kingdom, pp: 75-112.
Costa, G. L., Nastasi, B., Spadola, F., Leonardi, F. and Interlandi, C. (2019). Effect of levobupivacaine, administered intraperitoneally, on physiological variables and on intrasurgery and postsurgery pain in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 30: 33-36
De Sousa, A.B., Santos, A.C., Schramm, S.G., Porta,V., Gorniak, S.L., Florio, J.C and Spinosa , H. (2008). Pharmacokinetics of tramadol and odesmethyltramadol in goats after intravenous and oral administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther, 31: 45-51.
Elghazali, M., Barezaik, I.M., Abdel Hadi, A.A., Eltayeb, F.M., Al Masri, J. and Wasfi, I.A. (2008). The pharmacokinetics, metabolism and urinary detection time of tramadol in camels. Vet J, 178: 272-277.
El-Sherif, M.W. (2018). Anesthetic, analgesic and physiological effects of intramuscular xylazine-ketamine cocktail alone or with tramadol in cats undergoing orchiectomy. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Research, 63: 133-137.
KuKanich, B. and Papich, M.G. (2004). Pharmacokinetics of tramadol and the metabolite o-desmethyltramadol in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther, 27: 239-246.
KuKanich, B. (2013). Outpatient oral analgesics in dogs and cats beyond nonsteroidal antiinflamatory drugs: an evidence-based approach. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract, 43: 1109-1112.
KuKanich, B. and Wiese, A.J. (2015). Opioids in Pharmacology. in: Lumb and Jones veterinary anesthesia and analgesia, 5th ed. Edited by Grimm, k., Lamont, L.A., Tranquilli, W.J., Greene, S.A. and Robertson, S.A. Wiley Blackwell. USA, Pp: 207-222.
KuKanich, B. (2019). Pain management in veterinary species. Pharmacotherapeutics for veterinary dispensing. Wiley Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ, pp: 173-188.
Lacelles, D.X. and Gaynor, J.S. (2007). Cancer patients. In Handbook of veterinary pain management. Eds., Gaynor, J.S. and Muir III, W.W., Maryland Heights, MO: Mosby, pp: 997-1008.
Liang, Y., Wang, Z., Li, L., Li, J., Ma, X. and Chen, S. (2021). Comparison of the anesthesia effects of ketamine, dexmedetomidine and tiletamine-zolazepam with or without tramadol in cats. Med. Weter, 77 (8): 413-418.
Liga, K. and Edite, B. (2011). The effects of some premedication and general anesthesia drugs on intraocular pressure and pupil diameter in dog’s eyes. LLU preclinical institute, LLU Raksti, 26(1): 77-83.
Maksimović, A. and Lutvikadić, I. (2021). Efficiency of epidurally injected lidocaine, lidocaine and morphine or lidocaine and tramadol for postoperative analgesia in dogs following orchiectomy and ovariohysterectomy. Int J Vet Sci, 10(1): 13-18.
Marjani, M. and Dastaran, S. (2012). Comparative efficacy of ketamine-xylazine anesthesia with tramadol, Armaghane-danesh, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences Journal, 17(2): 111-116.
Mastrocinque, S., Almeida, T.F., Tatarunas, A.C., Imagawa, V.H., Otsuki, D.A. and Matera, J.M. (2012). Comparison of epidural and systemic tramadol for analgesia following ovariohysterectomy. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc, 48(5): 310-319.
Monteiro, E.R., Junior, A.R., Assis, H.M.Q., Campagnol, D. and Quitzan, J.G. (2009). Comparative study on the sedative effects of morphine, methadone, butorphanol or tramadol, in combination with acepromazine, in dogs. Vet. Anesth. Analg, 36(1): 25-33.
Munif, M.R., Alam, M.M. and Alam, M.R. (2020). Pulse oximetry and clinical changes during electrosurgery in dogs anesthetized with xylazine-thiopentone and xylazine-ketamine combinations. Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries, 7(1): 97-105.
Munif, M. R., Alam, M. M. and Alam, M. R. (2021). Hemato-biochemical changes during xylazine-ketamine and xylazine-thiopentone anesthesia in dogs. Bangl. J. Vet. Med. 19(2): 129-139.
Nesgash, A., Yaregal, B., Kindu, T., and Hailu, E. (2016). Evaluation of general anesthesia using xylazine-ketamine combination with and without diazepam for ovariohysterectomy in bitches. Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology, 7(1): 376-379.
Okur, D. and Polat. B. (2021). Comparison of the postoperative outcome of the three-port laparoscopic ovariectomy and conventional open ovariectomy methods in dogs. Thai J Vet Med, 51(3): 587-596.
Oruç, B. and Gazyagci, S. (2021). The evaluation of arterial blood pressure in anesthetized dogs with xylazine and ketamine. TJVR, 5(1): 5-9.
Parrah, J.D., Athar, H., Dar, K.h., Moulvi, B.A., ul-Firdous, W. and Hussain Nagoo, A. (2107). Evaluation of the physiological and anaesthetic efficacy of atropine-xylazine-diazepam-ketamine anesthesia in non-descriptive dogs. J Anesth Pain Med, 2(1): 1-5.
Pypendop, B.H. and Ilkiw, J.E. (2008). Pharmacokinetics of tramadol, and its metabolite O-desmethyltramadol, in cats. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 31: 52-59.
Rabbani, A.H.. Hayat, K., Qamar, A.G., Gardezi, S.F., Waheed, H. A. and Adil, M.U. (2020). The Comparative Efficacy of Nalbuphine and Tramadol in Controlling Postoperative Shivering in Rabbits. Matrix Science Medica, 4(1): 9-14.
Rafee., M.A., Kinjavdekar, P., Amarpal, H.P., Aithal, S., Wani, A. and Sangeetha, P. (2015). Haematobiochemical changes and postoperative complications following elective ovariohysterectomy in dogs. Global Journal of Medical Research, 15: 1-4.
Robaj, A., Mazreku, N., Sylejmani, D., Hamidi, A. and Alishani, M. (2020). Common Anesthetic Protocols Used in Dogs in Kosovo. Acta Vet Eurasia, 46: 81-86.
Schütter, A.F., Tünsmeyer, J. and Kästner, S.B.R. (2017). Influence of tramadol on acute thermal and mechanical cutaneous nociception in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg, 44(2): 309-316.
Seddighi, M.R., Egger, C.M., Rohrbach, B.W., Cox, S.K. and Doherty, T.J. (2009). Effects of tramadol on the minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg, 36: 334-340.
Shilo, Y., Britzi, M., Eytan, B., Lifschitz, T., Soback, S. and Steinman, A. (2008). Pharmacokinetics of tramadol in horses after intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther, 31: 60-65.
Sripati, S. Singh, J., Nath, I., and Das, R.K. (2017). Haemato-biochemical comparision of xylazine/dexmedetomidine in combination with butorphanol /pentazocine as preanesthetic to ketamine anaesthesia in canine pyometra patients. The Pharma Innovation J., 6(9): 393-399.
Subhan, U., Majid, A., Muhammad, S., Sardar, H. and Zaheer, A. (2017). Effect of xylazine and ketamine on pulse rate, respiratory rate and body temperature in dog. International J. of Avian, 2(4): 137-139.
Teixeira, L.G., Martins, L.R., Schimites, P.I., Dornelles, G.L., Aiello, G. and Oliveira, J.S. (2020). Evaluation of postoperative pain and toxicological aspects of the use of dipyrone and tramadol in cats. J Feline Med Surg, 22(6): 467-75.
Trettene, L.G., Lunardib, M., Barrosb, I.C. and Kempera, D.A.G. (2020). Use of Tramadol in Dogs: a Brief Review. Ensaios e Ciência, 24(5): 469-472.
Vatakal, T.P. and Cheng, C.H. (2014). Eeffct of preoperative tramadol on early postoperative pain in female dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Proceedings of the Seminar on Veterinary Sciences, 24-28.
Vesal, N., Sarchahi, A.A., Nikahval, B. and Karampour, A. (2011). Clinical evaluation of the sedative properties of acepromazine-xylazine combinations with or without atropine and their effects on physiologic values in dogs. Vet arhiv, 81: 485-498.
Vettorato, E., Zonca, A., Isola, M., Villa, R., Gallo, M. and Ravasio, G. (2010). Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of intravenous and extradural tramadol in dogs. Vet J.183: 310-315
Vettorato, E., and Bacco, S. (2011). A comparison of the sedative and analgesic properties of pethidine (meperidine) and butorphanol in dogs. J Small Anim Pract, 52: 426-432.
Ajadi, A.R., Olusa, T.A. and Smith, O.F. (2009). Tramadol improved the efficacy of ketamine -xylazine anaesthesia in young pigs. Vet Anaesth Analg, 36(6): 562-566.
Al-ahmad, M., Alhallak, M. and Alomari, A. (2020). The effect of unilateral castration on histological changes in the remaining testicle in dogs. J. of Hama University, 3(1): 1-13.
Al Bayati, M.T.N. (2015). A Comparative study between of effect of tramadol and xylazine as premedication those followed by ketamine anesthesia in dogs. Kufa Journal of Veterinary Medical Sciences, 6 (2): 177-182.
Bryant, S. (2010). Anaesthesia for veterinary techicians.wiley-blackwell. 1st ed. pp: 137-282.
Cata, J.P., Bugada, D., Marchesini, M., De Gregor, M. and Allegri, M. (2016). Opioids and cancer recurrence: a brief review of the literature. Can. Cell Microenviron, 3: p1159.
Clarke, K.W., Trim, C.M. and Hall, L.W. (2014). Principles of sedation, analgesia, and premedication. In: (Eds.), Veterinary Anesthesia, 11th ed., Saunders, W.B., London, United Kingdom, pp: 75-112.
Costa, G. L., Nastasi, B., Spadola, F., Leonardi, F. and Interlandi, C. (2019). Effect of levobupivacaine, administered intraperitoneally, on physiological variables and on intrasurgery and postsurgery pain in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 30: 33-36
De Sousa, A.B., Santos, A.C., Schramm, S.G., Porta,V., Gorniak, S.L., Florio, J.C and Spinosa , H. (2008). Pharmacokinetics of tramadol and odesmethyltramadol in goats after intravenous and oral administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther, 31: 45-51.
Elghazali, M., Barezaik, I.M., Abdel Hadi, A.A., Eltayeb, F.M., Al Masri, J. and Wasfi, I.A. (2008). The pharmacokinetics, metabolism and urinary detection time of tramadol in camels. Vet J, 178: 272-277.
El-Sherif, M.W. (2018). Anesthetic, analgesic and physiological effects of intramuscular xylazine-ketamine cocktail alone or with tramadol in cats undergoing orchiectomy. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Research, 63: 133-137.
KuKanich, B. and Papich, M.G. (2004). Pharmacokinetics of tramadol and the metabolite o-desmethyltramadol in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther, 27: 239-246.
KuKanich, B. (2013). Outpatient oral analgesics in dogs and cats beyond nonsteroidal antiinflamatory drugs: an evidence-based approach. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract, 43: 1109-1112.
KuKanich, B. and Wiese, A.J. (2015). Opioids in Pharmacology. in: Lumb and Jones veterinary anesthesia and analgesia, 5th ed. Edited by Grimm, k., Lamont, L.A., Tranquilli, W.J., Greene, S.A. and Robertson, S.A. Wiley Blackwell. USA, Pp: 207-222.
KuKanich, B. (2019). Pain management in veterinary species. Pharmacotherapeutics for veterinary dispensing. Wiley Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ, pp: 173-188.
Lacelles, D.X. and Gaynor, J.S. (2007). Cancer patients. In Handbook of veterinary pain management. Eds., Gaynor, J.S. and Muir III, W.W., Maryland Heights, MO: Mosby, pp: 997-1008.
Liang, Y., Wang, Z., Li, L., Li, J., Ma, X. and Chen, S. (2021). Comparison of the anesthesia effects of ketamine, dexmedetomidine and tiletamine-zolazepam with or without tramadol in cats. Med. Weter, 77 (8): 413-418.
Liga, K. and Edite, B. (2011). The effects of some premedication and general anesthesia drugs on intraocular pressure and pupil diameter in dog’s eyes. LLU preclinical institute, LLU Raksti, 26(1): 77-83.
Maksimović, A. and Lutvikadić, I. (2021). Efficiency of epidurally injected lidocaine, lidocaine and morphine or lidocaine and tramadol for postoperative analgesia in dogs following orchiectomy and ovariohysterectomy. Int J Vet Sci, 10(1): 13-18.
Marjani, M. and Dastaran, S. (2012). Comparative efficacy of ketamine-xylazine anesthesia with tramadol, Armaghane-danesh, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences Journal, 17(2): 111-116.
Mastrocinque, S., Almeida, T.F., Tatarunas, A.C., Imagawa, V.H., Otsuki, D.A. and Matera, J.M. (2012). Comparison of epidural and systemic tramadol for analgesia following ovariohysterectomy. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc, 48(5): 310-319.
Monteiro, E.R., Junior, A.R., Assis, H.M.Q., Campagnol, D. and Quitzan, J.G. (2009). Comparative study on the sedative effects of morphine, methadone, butorphanol or tramadol, in combination with acepromazine, in dogs. Vet. Anesth. Analg, 36(1): 25-33.
Munif, M.R., Alam, M.M. and Alam, M.R. (2020). Pulse oximetry and clinical changes during electrosurgery in dogs anesthetized with xylazine-thiopentone and xylazine-ketamine combinations. Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries, 7(1): 97-105.
Munif, M. R., Alam, M. M. and Alam, M. R. (2021). Hemato-biochemical changes during xylazine-ketamine and xylazine-thiopentone anesthesia in dogs. Bangl. J. Vet. Med. 19(2): 129-139.
Nesgash, A., Yaregal, B., Kindu, T., and Hailu, E. (2016). Evaluation of general anesthesia using xylazine-ketamine combination with and without diazepam for ovariohysterectomy in bitches. Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology, 7(1): 376-379.
Okur, D. and Polat. B. (2021). Comparison of the postoperative outcome of the three-port laparoscopic ovariectomy and conventional open ovariectomy methods in dogs. Thai J Vet Med, 51(3): 587-596.
Oruç, B. and Gazyagci, S. (2021). The evaluation of arterial blood pressure in anesthetized dogs with xylazine and ketamine. TJVR, 5(1): 5-9.
Parrah, J.D., Athar, H., Dar, K.h., Moulvi, B.A., ul-Firdous, W. and Hussain Nagoo, A. (2107). Evaluation of the physiological and anaesthetic efficacy of atropine-xylazine-diazepam-ketamine anesthesia in non-descriptive dogs. J Anesth Pain Med, 2(1): 1-5.
Pypendop, B.H. and Ilkiw, J.E. (2008). Pharmacokinetics of tramadol, and its metabolite O-desmethyltramadol, in cats. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 31: 52-59.
Rabbani, A.H.. Hayat, K., Qamar, A.G., Gardezi, S.F., Waheed, H. A. and Adil, M.U. (2020). The Comparative Efficacy of Nalbuphine and Tramadol in Controlling Postoperative Shivering in Rabbits. Matrix Science Medica, 4(1): 9-14.
Rafee., M.A., Kinjavdekar, P., Amarpal, H.P., Aithal, S., Wani, A. and Sangeetha, P. (2015). Haematobiochemical changes and postoperative complications following elective ovariohysterectomy in dogs. Global Journal of Medical Research, 15: 1-4.
Robaj, A., Mazreku, N., Sylejmani, D., Hamidi, A. and Alishani, M. (2020). Common Anesthetic Protocols Used in Dogs in Kosovo. Acta Vet Eurasia, 46: 81-86.
Schütter, A.F., Tünsmeyer, J. and Kästner, S.B.R. (2017). Influence of tramadol on acute thermal and mechanical cutaneous nociception in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg, 44(2): 309-316.
Seddighi, M.R., Egger, C.M., Rohrbach, B.W., Cox, S.K. and Doherty, T.J. (2009). Effects of tramadol on the minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg, 36: 334-340.
Shilo, Y., Britzi, M., Eytan, B., Lifschitz, T., Soback, S. and Steinman, A. (2008). Pharmacokinetics of tramadol in horses after intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther, 31: 60-65.
Sripati, S. Singh, J., Nath, I., and Das, R.K. (2017). Haemato-biochemical comparision of xylazine/dexmedetomidine in combination with butorphanol /pentazocine as preanesthetic to ketamine anaesthesia in canine pyometra patients. The Pharma Innovation J., 6(9): 393-399.
Subhan, U., Majid, A., Muhammad, S., Sardar, H. and Zaheer, A. (2017). Effect of xylazine and ketamine on pulse rate, respiratory rate and body temperature in dog. International J. of Avian, 2(4): 137-139.
Teixeira, L.G., Martins, L.R., Schimites, P.I., Dornelles, G.L., Aiello, G. and Oliveira, J.S. (2020). Evaluation of postoperative pain and toxicological aspects of the use of dipyrone and tramadol in cats. J Feline Med Surg, 22(6): 467-75.
Trettene, L.G., Lunardib, M., Barrosb, I.C. and Kempera, D.A.G. (2020). Use of Tramadol in Dogs: a Brief Review. Ensaios e Ciência, 24(5): 469-472.
Vatakal, T.P. and Cheng, C.H. (2014). Eeffct of preoperative tramadol on early postoperative pain in female dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Proceedings of the Seminar on Veterinary Sciences, 24-28.
Vesal, N., Sarchahi, A.A., Nikahval, B. and Karampour, A. (2011). Clinical evaluation of the sedative properties of acepromazine-xylazine combinations with or without atropine and their effects on physiologic values in dogs. Vet arhiv, 81: 485-498.
Vettorato, E., Zonca, A., Isola, M., Villa, R., Gallo, M. and Ravasio, G. (2010). Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of intravenous and extradural tramadol in dogs. Vet J.183: 310-315
Vettorato, E., and Bacco, S. (2011). A comparison of the sedative and analgesic properties of pethidine (meperidine) and butorphanol in dogs. J Small Anim Pract, 52: 426-432.