تقييم تأثير الترامادول في بعض المعايير البيوكيميائية في أثناء التخدير عند الأرانب الخاضعة لعملية فتح بطن استقصائية
الكلمات المفتاحية:
الكلمات المفتاحية: الترامادول، الزيلازين ، الكيتامين، ALT، AST، المعايير البيوكيميائية
الملخص
يهدف هذا البحث لتقييم سلامة استخدام الترامادول بالمشاركة مع بروتوكول التخدير (زيلازين -كيتامين)، من خلال إجراء بعض الاختبارات البيوكيميائية على وظائف الكبد عند الأرانب الخاضعة لعملية فتح بطن استقصائية. أجري البحث على 12 أرنب (دون سلالة) سليمة إكلينيكياً، تتراوح الأعمار (12-9)شهر والأوزان مابين (1.8-2)كغ، تم تقسيمها عشوائياً إلى مجموعتين متساويتين، المجموعة الأولى تم استخدام برتوكول التخدير المؤلف من الزيلازين والكيتامين Xylazine-Ketamine واختصاراً (XK) حيث تم حقن الزيلازين (X) بجرعة (5 ملغ/كغ) بالعضل، في مرحلة المعالجة الإعدادية، ثمَّ بعد عشر دقائق من ذلك تم حقن الكيتامين (K) بالعضل بجرعة ( 35 ملغ/كغ)، وتم انتظار حدوث التخدير الفعلي، وفي المجموعة الثانية تم استخدام برتوكول التخدير المؤلف من الترامادول والزيلازين والكيتامين Tramadol-Xylazine-Ketamine واختصاراً (TXK) حيث تم حقن الترامادول (T) بالعضل بجرعة (4 ملغ/كغ)، وحقن الزيلازين (X) بالعضل بجرعة ( 5 ملغ/كغ)، في نفس الوقت في المعالجة الإعدادية، ثمَّ بعد عشر دقائق من ذلك تم حقن الكيتامين (K) بالعضل بجرعة (35 ملغ/كغ)، وانتظار حدوث التخدير الفعلي لإجراء العمل الجراحي.
تم تحليل كافة النتائج إحصائياً عند مستوى معنوية P≤ 0.05، وأظهرت نتائج المعايير البيوكيميائية المتعلقة ب ALT في المجموعة الأولى (XK) انخفاضاً معنوياً في الدقيقة 30، وارتفاعاً معنوياً خلال الأزمنة (120د، 180د، 24ساعة) كما أظهرت نتائج المعايير البيوكيميائية المتعلقة ب AST انخفاضاً معنوياً في الأزمنة ( 60 د) وارتفاعاً معنوياً خلال الأزمنة (180د، 24ساعة) كما أظهرت نتائج المعايير البيوكيميائية المتعلقة ب ALT و AST في المجموعة الثانية (TXK) توافقاً مع نتائج المجموعة (XK) وأثبتت الدراسة الإحصائية عدم وجود فروق معنوية بين المجموعتين. ومنه تم الاستنتاج أن إضافة الترامادول إلى بروتوكول التخدير كيتامين / زيلازين لم تنتج عنه تأثيرات سامة على الكبد مع الحفاظ على المعايير البيوكيميائية(ALT، AST) ضمن القيم الطبيعية.
المراجع
المراجع العربية:
1. حسان، ياسر محمد، جنيد، موفق شريف، مقرش، أحمد حمدي، (2022)، التغييرات البيوكيميائية المرافقة لاستخدام جرعات زائدة من الترامادول على أنزيمات الكبد عند الأرانب، مجلة جامعة حماة، المجلد الخامس، العدد الرابع عشر، 94-105.
المراجع الأجنبية:
1. Abdulrazaq, A. W., Mathdi, A. S., Abd Alrahman, H. M., & Alwan, N. A. (2021). Study the Effect of Ketamine, Xylazine and Their Combination on Liver and Kidney Features in Rabbits. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology, 25(6), 6003-6008.
2. Abid Al-Redah, S. A. (2006). A comparative study for using different programs from neuroleptanalgesia and nerulepansthesia in rabbits. M.Sc. thesis – in Veterinary Surgery, Veterinary Medicine College Baghdad University. p.19
3. Afonne, O. J., Onyiaorah, I. V., & Orisakwe, O. E. (2013). Toxicity of Chevron Escravos crude oil and chemical dispersant on guinea pig testicular function. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 24(4), 321-329.
4. Albozachri, J. M. K., AL-Tomah, H. M., Wali, O. N., & Jameel, Y. J. (2019). A Comparison Study of Nefopam ketamine, Tramadol ketamine and Xylazine ketamine anesthesia in Rabbit. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 12(5), 2439-244
5. Aldalou AR, Abdel-Aziz I and Shahwan O (2014): Impact of giving sildenafil (Viagra) Tramadol (Tramal) combination on the blood of domestic rabbits. Journal of Science. 4(3), p: 162-169.
6. Alemán-Laporte, J., Bandini, L. A., Garcia-Gomes, M. S., Zanatto, D. A., Fantoni, D. T., Amador Pereira, M. A., ... & Mori, C. C. (2020). Combination of ketamine and xylazine with opioids and acepromazine in rats: physiological changes and their analgesic effect analysed by ultrasonic vocalization. Laboratory animals, 54(2), 171-182.
7. Al-Madany, N. A., & Sarhat, E. R. (2018). Determination of Some Biochemical Parameters of Patients with Hepatitis B in Kirkuk City. Kirkuk University Journal Scientific Studies, 13(2), 139-148.
8. AL-Redah, S. A. A., & Hassan, N. F. (2011). Efficacy of tramadol as analgesic and mixed with ketamine, xylazine as anesthetic in rabbits. Kufa Journal For Veterinary Medical Sciences, 2(1), 1-11.
9. Amarpal, X., Kinjavdekar, P., Aithal, H. P., Pawde, A. M., Singh, J., & Udehiya, R. (2010). Evaluation of xylazine, acepromazine and medetomidine with ketamine for general anaesthesia in rabbits. Scandinavian Journal of Laboratory Animal Science, 37(3), 223-229.
10. Amarpal, X., Kinjavdekar, P., Aithal, H. P., Pawde, A. M., Singh, J., & Udehiya, R. (2010). Evaluation of xylazine, acepromazine and medetomidine with ketamine for general anaesthesia in rabbits. Scandinavian Journal of Laboratory Animal Science, 37(3), 223-229.
11. Bani Ismail, Z., Jawasreh, K., & Al-Majali, A. (2010). Effects of xylazine–ketamine–diazepam anesthesia on blood cell counts and plasma biochemical values in sheep and goats. Comparative clinical pathology, 19, 571-574.
12. Brodbelt, D. (2009). Perioperative mortality in small animal anaesthesia. The Veterinary Journal, 182(2), 152-161.
13. Camkerten, I., Şındak, N., Özkurt, G., İpek, H., Biricik, S. H., & Şahin, T. (2013). Effect of ketamine-xylazine anesthesia on some hematological and serum biochemical values of Bozova Greyhounds.
14. Cnota, P. J., Nowak, H., Tagarro, I., Erb, K., Schürer, M., Schulz, H. U., & Maus, J. (2005). Tramadol SR formulations: Pharmacokinetic comparison of a multiple-units dose (capsule) versus a single-unit dose (tablet). Clinical drug investigation, 25, 435-443.
15. Craven, R. (2007). Ketamine. Anaesthesia, 62, 48-53.
16. Eesa, M. J. (2010). Evaluation of general anaesthesia by using Propionylpromazine, Xylazine and Ketamine in rabbits. The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 34(1), 208-217.
17. Fish, R. E. (1997). Pharmacology of injectable anesthetics. In Anesthesia and analgesia in laboratory animals (pp. 1-28). Academic Press.
18. Gil, A. G., Silvan, G., Illera, M., & Illera, J. C. (2004). The effects of anesthesia on the clinical chemistry of New Zealand White rabbits. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 43(3), 25-29.
19. Greene, S. A. (1999). Pros and cons of using α-2 agonists in small animal anesthesia practice. Clinical techniques in small animal practice, 14(1), 10-14.
20. Grint, N. J., & Murison, P. J. (2008). A comparison of ketamine–midazolam and ketamine–medetomidine combinations for induction of anaesthesia in rabbits. Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesuia, 35(2), 113-121.
21. Harcourt-Brown, F., & Harcourt-Brown, N. H. (2002). Textbook of rabbit medicine. Btterworth-Heinemann.
22. Hedenqvist, P. (2008). Anaesthesia and analgesia for surgery in rabbits and rats: A comparison of the effects of different compounds. Karolinska Institutet (Sweden).
23. Hewitt, C. D., Innes, D. J., Savory, J., & Wills, M. R. (1989). Normal biochemical and hematological values in New Zealand white rabbits. Clinical chemistry, 35(8), 1777-1779.
24. Hijazi, Y., & Boulieu, R. (2002). Contribution of CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 isoforms toN-demethylation of ketamine in human liver microsomes. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 30(7), 853-858.
25. Kohtala, S. (2021). Ketamine—50 years in use: from anesthesia to rapid antidepressant effects and neurobiological mechanisms. Pharmacological Reports, 73(2), 323-345.
26. Kongara, K., Chambers, P., & Johnson, C. B. (2009). Glomerular filtration rate after tramadol, parecoxib and pindolol following anaesthesia and analgesia in comparison with morphine in dogs. Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, 36(1), 86-94.
27. Kongara, K., Chambers, P., & Johnson, C. B. (2009). Glomerular filtration rate after tramadol, parecoxib and pindolol following anaesthesia and analgesia in comparison with morphine in dogs. Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, 36(1), 86-94.
28. Kukanich, B. (2019). Pain Management in Veterinary Species. Pharmacotherapeutics for veterinary dispensing, 173-188.
29. KuKanich, B., & Papich, M. G. (2004). Pharmacokinetics of tramadol and the metabolite O‐desmethyltramadol in dogs. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, 27(4), 239-246.
30. Liu, Y. M., Zhu, S. M., Wang, K. R., Feng, Z. Y., & Chen, Q. L. (2008). Effect of tramadol on immune responses and nociceptive thresholds in a rat model of incisional pain. Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B, 9, 895-902.
31. Mahmood, M. B. (2022). A Comparison between ketamine-xylazine and ketamine-midazolam or all of them to induce balance anesthesia in rabbits. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 36(2), 499-506.
32. Meyer, D. J., Coles, E. H., & Rich, L. J. (1992). Veterinary laboratory medicine: interpretation and diagnosis.
33. Mohamed, H. M., & Mahmoud, A. M. (2019). Chronic exposure to the opioid tramadol induces oxidative damage, inflammation and apoptosis, and alters cerebral monoamine neurotransmitters in rats. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy, 110, 239-247.
34. Muir, W.W., Hubbell, J.A.E., Bednarski R.M., Lerche P (2013). Handbook of Veterinary Anaesthesia 5th Edition Elsevier Mosby, USA pp 431..
35. Nakhaee, S., Farrokhfall, K., Miri-Moghaddam, E., Foadoddini, M., Askari, M., & Mehrpour, O. (2021). The effects of quercetin on seizure, inflammation parameters and oxidative stress in acute on chronic tramadol intoxication. BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology, 22, 1-11.
36. Robaux, S., Blunt, C., Viel, E., Cuvillon, P., Nouguier, P., Dautel, G., ... & Bouaziz, H. (2004). Tramadol added to 1.5% mepivacaine for axillary brachial plexus block improves postoperative analgesia dose-dependently. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 98(4), 1172-1177.
37. Sabrina S, Sabine T, Brian G, Julia H. (2016). Comparison of physiological parameters and anesthesia specific observations during isoflurane, ketamine- xylazine or medetomidine-midazolam-fentanyl anesthesia in male guinea pigs. PLoS One. 1-22.
38. Saleem, R., Iqbal, R., Abbas, M. N., Zahra, A., Iqbal, J., & Ansari, M. S. (2014). Effects of tramadol on histopathological and biochemical parameters in mice (Mus musculus) model. Global J Pharmacol, 8(1), 14-19.
39. Saleh, S. S., & Sarhat, E. R. (2019). Effects of ethanolic Moringa oleifera extract on melatonin, liver and kidney function tests in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 13(4), 1015-1019.
40. Salem, M., Rizk, A., Mosbah, E., Zaghloul, A., Karrouf, G., & Abass, M. (2022). Antinociceptive effect of lidocaine, tramadol, and their combination for lumbosacral epidural analgesia in rabbits undergoing experimental knee surgery. BMC Veterinary Research, 18(1), 252.
41. Seddighi, M. R., Egger, C. M., Rohrbach, B. W., Cox, S. K., & Doherty, T. J. (2009). Effects of tramadol on the minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in dogs. Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, 36(4), 334-340.
42. Souza, M. J., Greenacre, C. B., & Cox, S. K. (2008). Pharmacokinetics of orally administered tramadol in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). American Journal of Veterinary Research, 69(8), 979-982.
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1. حسان، ياسر محمد، جنيد، موفق شريف، مقرش، أحمد حمدي، (2022)، التغييرات البيوكيميائية المرافقة لاستخدام جرعات زائدة من الترامادول على أنزيمات الكبد عند الأرانب، مجلة جامعة حماة، المجلد الخامس، العدد الرابع عشر، 94-105.
المراجع الأجنبية:
1. Abdulrazaq, A. W., Mathdi, A. S., Abd Alrahman, H. M., & Alwan, N. A. (2021). Study the Effect of Ketamine, Xylazine and Their Combination on Liver and Kidney Features in Rabbits. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology, 25(6), 6003-6008.
2. Abid Al-Redah, S. A. (2006). A comparative study for using different programs from neuroleptanalgesia and nerulepansthesia in rabbits. M.Sc. thesis – in Veterinary Surgery, Veterinary Medicine College Baghdad University. p.19
3. Afonne, O. J., Onyiaorah, I. V., & Orisakwe, O. E. (2013). Toxicity of Chevron Escravos crude oil and chemical dispersant on guinea pig testicular function. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 24(4), 321-329.
4. Albozachri, J. M. K., AL-Tomah, H. M., Wali, O. N., & Jameel, Y. J. (2019). A Comparison Study of Nefopam ketamine, Tramadol ketamine and Xylazine ketamine anesthesia in Rabbit. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 12(5), 2439-244
5. Aldalou AR, Abdel-Aziz I and Shahwan O (2014): Impact of giving sildenafil (Viagra) Tramadol (Tramal) combination on the blood of domestic rabbits. Journal of Science. 4(3), p: 162-169.
6. Alemán-Laporte, J., Bandini, L. A., Garcia-Gomes, M. S., Zanatto, D. A., Fantoni, D. T., Amador Pereira, M. A., ... & Mori, C. C. (2020). Combination of ketamine and xylazine with opioids and acepromazine in rats: physiological changes and their analgesic effect analysed by ultrasonic vocalization. Laboratory animals, 54(2), 171-182.
7. Al-Madany, N. A., & Sarhat, E. R. (2018). Determination of Some Biochemical Parameters of Patients with Hepatitis B in Kirkuk City. Kirkuk University Journal Scientific Studies, 13(2), 139-148.
8. AL-Redah, S. A. A., & Hassan, N. F. (2011). Efficacy of tramadol as analgesic and mixed with ketamine, xylazine as anesthetic in rabbits. Kufa Journal For Veterinary Medical Sciences, 2(1), 1-11.
9. Amarpal, X., Kinjavdekar, P., Aithal, H. P., Pawde, A. M., Singh, J., & Udehiya, R. (2010). Evaluation of xylazine, acepromazine and medetomidine with ketamine for general anaesthesia in rabbits. Scandinavian Journal of Laboratory Animal Science, 37(3), 223-229.
10. Amarpal, X., Kinjavdekar, P., Aithal, H. P., Pawde, A. M., Singh, J., & Udehiya, R. (2010). Evaluation of xylazine, acepromazine and medetomidine with ketamine for general anaesthesia in rabbits. Scandinavian Journal of Laboratory Animal Science, 37(3), 223-229.
11. Bani Ismail, Z., Jawasreh, K., & Al-Majali, A. (2010). Effects of xylazine–ketamine–diazepam anesthesia on blood cell counts and plasma biochemical values in sheep and goats. Comparative clinical pathology, 19, 571-574.
12. Brodbelt, D. (2009). Perioperative mortality in small animal anaesthesia. The Veterinary Journal, 182(2), 152-161.
13. Camkerten, I., Şındak, N., Özkurt, G., İpek, H., Biricik, S. H., & Şahin, T. (2013). Effect of ketamine-xylazine anesthesia on some hematological and serum biochemical values of Bozova Greyhounds.
14. Cnota, P. J., Nowak, H., Tagarro, I., Erb, K., Schürer, M., Schulz, H. U., & Maus, J. (2005). Tramadol SR formulations: Pharmacokinetic comparison of a multiple-units dose (capsule) versus a single-unit dose (tablet). Clinical drug investigation, 25, 435-443.
15. Craven, R. (2007). Ketamine. Anaesthesia, 62, 48-53.
16. Eesa, M. J. (2010). Evaluation of general anaesthesia by using Propionylpromazine, Xylazine and Ketamine in rabbits. The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 34(1), 208-217.
17. Fish, R. E. (1997). Pharmacology of injectable anesthetics. In Anesthesia and analgesia in laboratory animals (pp. 1-28). Academic Press.
18. Gil, A. G., Silvan, G., Illera, M., & Illera, J. C. (2004). The effects of anesthesia on the clinical chemistry of New Zealand White rabbits. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 43(3), 25-29.
19. Greene, S. A. (1999). Pros and cons of using α-2 agonists in small animal anesthesia practice. Clinical techniques in small animal practice, 14(1), 10-14.
20. Grint, N. J., & Murison, P. J. (2008). A comparison of ketamine–midazolam and ketamine–medetomidine combinations for induction of anaesthesia in rabbits. Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesuia, 35(2), 113-121.
21. Harcourt-Brown, F., & Harcourt-Brown, N. H. (2002). Textbook of rabbit medicine. Btterworth-Heinemann.
22. Hedenqvist, P. (2008). Anaesthesia and analgesia for surgery in rabbits and rats: A comparison of the effects of different compounds. Karolinska Institutet (Sweden).
23. Hewitt, C. D., Innes, D. J., Savory, J., & Wills, M. R. (1989). Normal biochemical and hematological values in New Zealand white rabbits. Clinical chemistry, 35(8), 1777-1779.
24. Hijazi, Y., & Boulieu, R. (2002). Contribution of CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 isoforms toN-demethylation of ketamine in human liver microsomes. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 30(7), 853-858.
25. Kohtala, S. (2021). Ketamine—50 years in use: from anesthesia to rapid antidepressant effects and neurobiological mechanisms. Pharmacological Reports, 73(2), 323-345.
26. Kongara, K., Chambers, P., & Johnson, C. B. (2009). Glomerular filtration rate after tramadol, parecoxib and pindolol following anaesthesia and analgesia in comparison with morphine in dogs. Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, 36(1), 86-94.
27. Kongara, K., Chambers, P., & Johnson, C. B. (2009). Glomerular filtration rate after tramadol, parecoxib and pindolol following anaesthesia and analgesia in comparison with morphine in dogs. Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, 36(1), 86-94.
28. Kukanich, B. (2019). Pain Management in Veterinary Species. Pharmacotherapeutics for veterinary dispensing, 173-188.
29. KuKanich, B., & Papich, M. G. (2004). Pharmacokinetics of tramadol and the metabolite O‐desmethyltramadol in dogs. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, 27(4), 239-246.
30. Liu, Y. M., Zhu, S. M., Wang, K. R., Feng, Z. Y., & Chen, Q. L. (2008). Effect of tramadol on immune responses and nociceptive thresholds in a rat model of incisional pain. Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B, 9, 895-902.
31. Mahmood, M. B. (2022). A Comparison between ketamine-xylazine and ketamine-midazolam or all of them to induce balance anesthesia in rabbits. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 36(2), 499-506.
32. Meyer, D. J., Coles, E. H., & Rich, L. J. (1992). Veterinary laboratory medicine: interpretation and diagnosis.
33. Mohamed, H. M., & Mahmoud, A. M. (2019). Chronic exposure to the opioid tramadol induces oxidative damage, inflammation and apoptosis, and alters cerebral monoamine neurotransmitters in rats. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy, 110, 239-247.
34. Muir, W.W., Hubbell, J.A.E., Bednarski R.M., Lerche P (2013). Handbook of Veterinary Anaesthesia 5th Edition Elsevier Mosby, USA pp 431..
35. Nakhaee, S., Farrokhfall, K., Miri-Moghaddam, E., Foadoddini, M., Askari, M., & Mehrpour, O. (2021). The effects of quercetin on seizure, inflammation parameters and oxidative stress in acute on chronic tramadol intoxication. BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology, 22, 1-11.
36. Robaux, S., Blunt, C., Viel, E., Cuvillon, P., Nouguier, P., Dautel, G., ... & Bouaziz, H. (2004). Tramadol added to 1.5% mepivacaine for axillary brachial plexus block improves postoperative analgesia dose-dependently. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 98(4), 1172-1177.
37. Sabrina S, Sabine T, Brian G, Julia H. (2016). Comparison of physiological parameters and anesthesia specific observations during isoflurane, ketamine- xylazine or medetomidine-midazolam-fentanyl anesthesia in male guinea pigs. PLoS One. 1-22.
38. Saleem, R., Iqbal, R., Abbas, M. N., Zahra, A., Iqbal, J., & Ansari, M. S. (2014). Effects of tramadol on histopathological and biochemical parameters in mice (Mus musculus) model. Global J Pharmacol, 8(1), 14-19.
39. Saleh, S. S., & Sarhat, E. R. (2019). Effects of ethanolic Moringa oleifera extract on melatonin, liver and kidney function tests in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 13(4), 1015-1019.
40. Salem, M., Rizk, A., Mosbah, E., Zaghloul, A., Karrouf, G., & Abass, M. (2022). Antinociceptive effect of lidocaine, tramadol, and their combination for lumbosacral epidural analgesia in rabbits undergoing experimental knee surgery. BMC Veterinary Research, 18(1), 252.
41. Seddighi, M. R., Egger, C. M., Rohrbach, B. W., Cox, S. K., & Doherty, T. J. (2009). Effects of tramadol on the minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in dogs. Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, 36(4), 334-340.
42. Souza, M. J., Greenacre, C. B., & Cox, S. K. (2008). Pharmacokinetics of orally administered tramadol in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). American Journal of Veterinary Research, 69(8), 979-982.
43. Stasiak, K. L., Maul, D. O. N., French, E., Hellyer, P. W., & Vandewoude, S. (2003). Species-specific assessment of pain in laboratory animals. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 42(4), 13-20.
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منشور
2025-01-09
كيفية الاقتباس
السرمينيع., & دعاسأ. د. أ. (2025). تقييم تأثير الترامادول في بعض المعايير البيوكيميائية في أثناء التخدير عند الأرانب الخاضعة لعملية فتح بطن استقصائية . مجلة جامعة حماة, 7(14). استرجع في من https://hama-univ.edu.sy/ojs/index.php/huj/article/view/2338
القسم
قسم الطب البيطري
