Journal of Hama University
type: channel
description: Hama University Journal, coherent, periodical journal issued annually by the Hama University ISSN Online:2706-9214 ISSN Print : 2706-9206
publisher: Hama University
language: en
publication name: Journal of Hama University
issn: 2706-9206
items: Quantitative and qualitative determination of some components of Syrian mountain honey
items: the prevalence of Capillaria sp in chickens in Hama Governorate
items: Construction Basis of Nuclear Spaces by Using Hermite Functions
items: The effect of adding 5% sugar beet on blood pH, glucose concentration and ketone bodies to prevent pregnancy toxemia in Shami goats
items: Histopathological Changes in the Bursa of Fabricius Following Immunization with the Immune Complex Vaccine Compared to Conventional Vaccines
items: Water requirements for agricultural crops and irrigation scheduling using the CROPWAT program
items: Generalization of the M/G/1/∞ Queueing System Based on Markov Renewal Service Times
items: The Effect of Phosphorus Fertilization and Zinc spraying on some Phenotypic and Physiological Indicators and Productivity in Sesame Plant Sesamum indicum L.
items: Studying the behavior of some thickeners and their mixtures used in printing pastes on fabrics
items: Evaluation of Diazepam Injection Effects on Clinical and Biochemical Indicators in Pregnant Bitches and Puppies During Cesarean Section
items: The Effect of Medicinal Plant Extracts on some Blood Parameter and Biochemical Indicators in Awassi Ewes
items: Effect of applying a developed nursing program on activities of daily living among elderly residing in nursing homes in Lattakia
items: Ruptured Ascending Aortic Aneurysm Presenting with Hemoptysis: A Case Report
items: Study of the Relationship between the Maximum Width of Smile and occlusal vertical dimension in people with complete natural teeth in Syrian society
items: The Effect of Using L-Arginine as a Feed Additive on Testosterone Levels in Ross 308 Broiler Breeder Roosters
items: Occupational Bullying among Employees at the University of Hama
items: Primary Education Teachers’ Perceptions of Students’ Learning Disabilities in the Absence of Official Diagnosis A Field Study in Selected Schools of Lattakia Governorate
items: Comparing competitive anxiety among male and junior football players at Al Wathba Sports Club
items: Conversational Implicature in Tawfiq Ahmad's Poetry The poem "Damascus Alsham" as a model
items: Psychometric Properties of the Gratitude Scale (GRAT) among a Sample of Students at the Faculty of Education at Hamah University
items: Acceptability in Nizar Qabbani's Poetry The poem "The Students congregated at the House of Al-Khalil Ibn Ahmad Al-Farahidi" as a model
items: The Effect of the Modified FIFA11+ Program on Special Endurance in Junior Soccer Players
items: The Impact of the Financial Flexibility on Returns in Islamic Banks Operating in Syria
items: The role of artistic activities in developing the soft skills required for the labor market from the perspective of faculty of education students(Field study at lattakia university)
items: The theories explaining psychological abuse against children
items: The literary status of the poet Fadl al-Abdiyya during the Mutawakkilite era
items: The level of administrative communication in the Syrian Arab Basketball Federation
items: The degree of secondary school teachers’ possession of twenty-first century skills (a field study in the city of Lattakia)
items: The reality of kindergarten buildings in Hama city from the perspective of kindergarten directors ((A field study on kindergartens in Hama city))
items: https://hama-univ.edu.sy/ojs/index.php/huj/en/article/view/3039

Quantitative and qualitative determination of some components of Syrian mountain honey
type: item
description: This study investigated selected physicochemical properties of Syrian mountain honey produced in the Salnfa area, located in the rural countryside of Latakia, during the year 2023. The analytical approach utilized Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) for the determination of mineral element content. In parallel, standard qualitative chemical tests were employed to detect the presence of various organic compounds, including sugars (such as sucrose, reducing sugars, pentoses, and ketohexoses), amino acids (using Hopkins-Cole, Sakaguchi, Ninhydrin, and Biuret reagents), and vitamins (B2 and D). Additionally, the proline content was quantified via spectrophotometry. The results indicated that potassium was the most abundant mineral, with a concentration of 1220 ppm, followed by sodium at 464.8 ppm. Conversely, the concentrations of copper, zinc, and lead were recorded at 51.91 ppm, 2.056 ppm, and 1.15 ppm, respectively. The qualitative assays yielded positive results, confirming the presence of a diverse range of the tested sugars, amino acids, and vitamins in the honey sample. The quantified proline content was 317.7 mg/kg, a notably high value that is indicative of the honey's maturity and superior quality. In conclusion, these findings substantiate the high nutritional value and confirm the complete maturity of the studied Syrian mountain honey..
subject: Department of Sciences
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creator: Diana Naddaf
creator: Sawsan Saad
creator: Khaldoun Aslan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Hama University
date: 2026-04-01
publication date: 2026-04-01

the prevalence of Capillaria sp in chickens in Hama Governorate
type: item
description: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Capillaria spp. infections in chickens in Hama Governorate, Syria, and to analyze the factors influencing infection rates. A total of 1,601 fecal samples were collected from local chickens and intensively reared commercial hybrid chickens between March 4, 2024, and March 4, 2025. Laboratory examination was performed using gross examination, direct smear, and flotation concentration methods. Data were statistically analyzed using the Chi-Square test at a significance level of P<0.05. The results showed that the overall prevalence was 7.87%. The highest infection rate was recorded in the western region (27.35%) and the lowest in the eastern region (0%). Infection rates were significantly higher in free-range local chickens (22.79%) compared to commercial hybrids (1.35%), and in older birds (≥ 1 year) compared to younger ones, peaking at 3 years of age (26.04%). Seasonal variation was observed, with the highest prevalence in autumn (23.04%) and no infections detected in winter. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring Capillaria spp. infections, particularly in free-range local breeds, older age groups, and during the autumn season, and emphasize the need for effective control programs to minimize their impact on poultry health and productivity.
subject: طب بيطري
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subject: Array
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creator: Marah kendakj
creator: Mohammed Mohsen katranji
creator: Abd Alkareem Alkhaled
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Hama University
date: 2026-04-01
publication date: 2026-04-01

Construction Basis of Nuclear Spaces by Using Hermite Functions
type: item
description: في هذا البحث سنشكل قاعدة بواسطة دوال هرميت في فضاء نووي هو فضاء شفارتز الشهير ، أو ما يطلق عليه اسم فضاء الدوال المتناقصة بسرعة، والفضاء الثنوي له، أو فضاء التوزيعات المتزايدة ببطء، . هذان الفضاءان يعتبران من أهم فضاءات الدوال نظراً لتطبيقاتهما المتعددة في التحليل الدالي ونظرية المعادلات التفاضلية ونظرية التوزيعات وغيرها. وسوف نشكل قاعدة في هذين الفضائين مؤلفة من دوال هرميت المعروفة بحيث إن كل دالة (من ) وكل توزيع (من ) يكتب بشكل سلسلة متقاربة من نفس العنصر في الفضاء ذاته. إن فضاء نووي مقروناً بأسرة مناسبة من أنصاف النظم، بل أكثر من أسرة، و لكن جميعها متكافئة.
subject: Science
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creator: Basma Hisham Alhamdo
creator: Monir Makhlouf
creator: Ibrahim Ibrahim
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Hama University
date: 2026-04-01
publication date: 2026-04-01

The effect of adding 5% sugar beet on blood pH, glucose concentration and ketone bodies to prevent pregnancy toxemia in Shami goats
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description: Summary The study was conducted on 20 pregnant female Shami goats at the Research Center affiliated to the Agricultural Scientific Research Authority aged between 2-4 years, and their health status (BCS) between 3 degrees, and their average weight was 60 kg for the year 2023-2024. They were divided into two groups, each group /10/ pregnant females, the first without adding sugar beet to their diet, and the second group with adding sugar beet added at rate of 5% to their ex-goat. Blood samples were collected from them to measure their acidity (pH), and blood sugar and Beta hydroxy butyric acid (BHB) were analyzed in periods one month before birth, two weeks before birth, and two weeks after birth. The differences between the blood indicators of both groups were studied statically. The glucose concentration in the first group (96.33±3.72) mg/dl was higher compared to the second (94.16±8.25) mg/dl in the prenatal stage by one month, while a significant decrease (P≤ 0.05)was observed in the glucose concentration (66.66±6.59) mg/dl in the first compared to the second (76.5±6.59) mg/dl in the prenatal stage by two weeks. The decrease in glucose concentration continued after two weeks of birth in the first (74.00±7.09) mg/dl and the second (83.66±5.95) mg/dl without any significant differences. While the concentration of ketone bodies was significantly higher (P≤ 0.05) in the first group (1.21±0.49) mmol/l compared to the second (0.55±0.22) mmol/l, and the blood PH value decreased significantly (P≤ 0.05) in the first group (7.33±0.01) compared to its value in the second (7.39±0.04) in the stage before birth by one month, and in the stage before birth by two weeks, the concentration of ketone bodies increased significantly (P≤ 0.001) in the first (4.00±0.09) mmol/l compared to the second active (1.46±0.80) mmol/l, The significant decrease (P≤ 0.05) in the blood PH value continued before in the second (7.31±0.07) compared to the first (7.39±0.02). As for the postnatal stage …
subject: طب بيطري
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creator: L. Darwish
creator: Y. M. Al-Mohsen
creator: A. N. Al-Omar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Hama University
date: 2026-04-01
publication date: 2026-04-01

Histopathological Changes in the Bursa of Fabricius Following Immunization with the Immune Complex Vaccine Compared to Conventional Vaccines
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description: ......
subject: طب بيطري
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subject: Array
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subject: Array
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creator: Mohammad Naeim
creator: Mohammad Fadel
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Hama University
date: 2026-04-01
publication date: 2026-04-01

Water requirements for agricultural crops and irrigation scheduling using the CROPWAT program
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description: Water requirements for agricultural crops and irrigation scheduling using the CROPWAT program Research Summary: During the research: 1- Collecting available information from primary data on temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, sunshine hours, and basic data for calculating evapotranspiration at the Hama Agricultural Station from the beginning of 2014 to 2024. Analytical and statistical studies were then conducted. 2- Calculating the water requirements for wheat and cotton crops using the Blaney and Criddle relationship and the Thornwaite relationship, as well as calculating the water requirements and net irrigation requirements for cotton crops using the CROPWAT program. 3- As a result of using the analytical study of the results, the ratio between the calculation of the water requirement to obtain cotton by Blaney and Criddle and the Cropwat program is equal to 77%, and the ratio between the patent calculated by the Thornwaite method on the calculated requirement for cotton using the program is equal to 86%, meaning that the crop does not provide an amount of water necessary, useful and proportionate to the previous and soil, which affects the method of withdrawal on (yield) Therefore, we see the necessity of applying and using the aforementioned program to calculate the water requirements of agricultural crops and schedule irrigation.
subject: Engineering Department
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creator: Zeyad Abdul Karim Al Mousa Al Maksour
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Hama University
date: 2026-04-01
publication date: 2026-04-01

Generalization of the M/G/1/∞ Queueing System Based on Markov Renewal Service Times
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description: The queueing system is a fundamental model in queueing theory, used to analyze and evaluate the performance of systems that manage customer flows through a single server with service times following a general probabilistic distribution. However, there are scenarios requiring the handling of correlated random service times, as these systems provide various services and need different random service times. Thus, a new tool is needed to address such cases. This research presents an integrated mathematical framework for the developed model, generalizing the results through theoretical and applied analysis. It aims to generalize the theoretical foundations of the model by representing service times in this model using two Markov renewal phases. This representation allows the derivation of general mathematical formulas for both the probability vector and the general probability vector based on stable vectors and generating functions . Mathematical relationships for the performance metrics of the proposed system are also derived. Finally, the special case of service times with an exponential distribution for each customer type, with different arrival rates, is discussed. The results are illustrated through examples and applications, which also verify the suitability of the Poisson distribution for the arrival times for each customer type. It is concluded that the proposed system is a generalization of the service system, as it deals with linked service times and possesses its properties.
subject: Counting
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subject: Array
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creator: Souad Zarir
creator: Aya Khantoumani
creator: Hadia Tahmaz
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Hama University
date: 2026-04-01
publication date: 2026-04-01

The Effect of Phosphorus Fertilization and Zinc spraying on some Phenotypic and Physiological Indicators and Productivity in Sesame Plant Sesamum indicum L.
type: item
description: The research was carried out in Al-Drouqiat village, Lattakia, Lattakia University for the season 2023-2024 to study some phenological and physiological characteristics of sesame plant under the influence of five levels of phosphorus fertilization (0, 40, 60, 80, 100) kg of triple superphosphate fertilizer containing 46% phosphorus pentoxide P2O5/ha and four concentrations of zinc spray (0, 30, 60, 90) mg of zinc sulfate fertilizer Zn2SO4/L. The experiment was carried out according to a completely randomized block design with a single split plot arrangement and three replicates. The main blocks included phosphorus fertilization, while the secondary blocks included spraying zinc. The results showed that the phosphorus fertilization level of 100 kg 46% TSP P2O5/ha was significantly superior to all other fertilization levels with the lowest average of number of days required to start flowering (44.25 days), number of days required to complete maturity (116.17 days) and highest average of leaf surface area (0.80 m2), leaf surface area index (8.04) and plant productivity (30.61 g). The zinc spray concentration of 60 mg Zn2SO4/L significantly outperformed the other spray concentrations with the lowest average for number of days required to start flowering (45 days), number of days required to complete maturity (118.20 days), while the spray concentration of 90 mg Zn2SO4/L outperformed with the highest average for the trait of leaf surface area (0.64 m), leaf surface area index (6.35) and plant productivity (24.26 g) and the differences were not significant at the 60 mg Zn2SO4/L concentration for the plant productivity trait, and it reached (23.48 g). The interaction (100 kg 46% TSP P2O5/h × 60 mg Zn2SO4/L) achieved a significant superiority with the lowest value of number of days required to start flowering, number of days required to complete maturity, while the interaction (100 kg P2O5/h × 90 mg Zn2SO4/L) achieved a significant superiority with the highest value of leaf…
subject: Department of Agriculture Engineering
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creator: Faten Samir Airnagy
creator: Saleh kbili
creator: Abdel Aziz bouissa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Hama University
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31

Studying the behavior of some thickeners and their mixtures used in printing pastes on fabrics
type: item
description: Printing is currently one of the most prominent processes used for fabric decoration. It is a popular process used as a step in the textile manufacturing process to enhance the aesthetic appearance of fabrics and satisfy the buyer's taste. Printing pastes contain several components, including thickeners, which are responsible for imparting viscosity to the pastes, controlling the paste's penetration into the fabric and achieving fine edges for the printed designs. Natural thickeners are important as readily available materials and a more suitable alternative to synthetic thickeners. This research focuses on studying the viscosity behavior of pastes containing some natural thickeners, such as guar gum, starch, and sodium alginate, depending on the applied shear stresses. During the printing process, the paste is exposed to shear stresses applied by the scraper, leading to a decrease in its viscosity. The behavior of binary mixtures of thickeners was also studied. It was found that a paste containing a 50/50 mixture of guar gum and sodium alginate exhibited behavior and viscosity values suitable for printing.
subject: Engineering Department
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creator: Ziad SAFFOUR
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Hama University
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31

Evaluation of Diazepam Injection Effects on Clinical and Biochemical Indicators in Pregnant Bitches and Puppies During Cesarean Section
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description: This study aims to evaluate the effects of intravenous diazepam injection at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg on clinical and biochemical indicators in pregnant bitches and to monitor the vitality of the puppies following a cesarean section. The experiment involved eight adult female dogs from local breeds (weighing 6–8 kg; aged 2–4 years). Clinical and blood indicators were recorded before injection and at 30 and 60 minutes post-injection, while puppy vitality was assessed immediately after birth and for one hour. The results showed a significant decrease in the heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, and maternal responsiveness at 30 and 60 minutes post-injection. Blood tests revealed a non-significant decrease in WBC, Na⁺, and K⁺, as well as a non-significant increase in liver enzymes (ALT and AST), without exceeding normal limits. The puppies exhibited initial relative lethargy, with gradual recovery in activity, respiration, and reflexes within one hour after birth. The findings suggest that intravenous DZP is relatively safe for the mothers at the administered dose, with a temporary effect on the puppies, necessitating their monitoring after birth. These results support the modern protocols for using benzodiazepines in cesarean anesthesia, with caution when handling newborn puppies.
subject: طب بيطري
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creator: Azza Hamwi
creator: Hasan Harba
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Hama University
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31

The Effect of Medicinal Plant Extracts on some Blood Parameter and Biochemical Indicators in Awassi Ewes
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description: The study aimed to investigate the effect of a group of medicinal plant extracts on some Blood Parameter and biochemical parameters in the blood of Awassi ewes. The study was conducted on 24 ewes, aged between 2 and 3 years and weighing an average of 46 and 54 kg. The experimental animals were randomly assigned to four groups, with six ewes per group. The first group was considered the control group. The remaining groups were given: (2) Glycyrrhizin glubara extract (400 mg/kg), (3) salvia officinalis extract (500 mg/kg), and (4) Rosmarinus officinalis extract (400 mg/kg). The study lasted 30 days. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were obtained from the experimental animals and analyzed in the laboratory to determine the total red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts, hemoglobin (Hg) levels, and hematocrit (HCT) levels, in addition to cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The results showed a significant superiority at the level of P≤0.05 in the average red blood cell count, hemoglobin level, and hematocrit percentage of the study animals in the second and third groups compared to the control group, in addition to a significant superiority at the level of P≤0.05 in the average white blood cell count of the study animals in the second group compared to the control group. The study also showed a significant decrease at the level of P≤0.05 in the level of cholesterol and triglycerides in the study animals in the second and fourth groups compared to the control group.
subject: طب بيطري
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creator: Mwaffak Masri
creator: Amer Dabbagh
creator: Talla Kanbar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Hama University
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31

Effect of applying a developed nursing program on activities of daily living among elderly residing in nursing homes in Lattakia
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description: Introduction: The ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL) declines in most older adults as they age. This leads to reduced quality of life, dependence on others for activities of daily living (ADLs), and increased healthcare costs. All activities of daily living (ADLs), with the exception of mobility, rely on skilled hand movement. Therefore, for older adults, maintaining hand function is essential for independent living. Given that proficiency in ADLs is largely dependent on healthy hand function, research on improving hand function has the potential to contribute to prevention or intervention strategies to help maintain functional independence in older adults. Objective: To study the impact of implementing an advanced nursing program on the performance of daily living activities among elderly residents of nursing homes in Lattakia. Research Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted after determining the appropriate sample size for the research, which is 30 elderly people who were selected randomly from the elderly residing in nursing homes in the city of Lattakia (Dar Al Raha, Dar Al Ber and Social Services, Dar Al Mowasat Al Islamiya) during the period from (1/5/2024 to 1/12/2024). Data were collected using two tools: the demographic and health data form for the elderly, which was designed by the researcher based on a review of relevant references, and the Barthel Index to measure daily living activities. The data were transcribed and then analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: The results showed an improvement in the Barthel Index scores after implementing the advanced nursing program, with statistically significant differences found between the pre-, post-, and follow-up tests for activities of daily living. Recommendations: It is recommended to conduct training programs for elderly residents of nursing homes to enhance their hand function, prevent decline, and maintain their independenc…
subject: Department of Nursing
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creator: Salman Mahmoud
creator: Fatima Kuriet
creator: Saer Tannos
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Hama University
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31

Ruptured Ascending Aortic Aneurysm Presenting with Hemoptysis: A Case Report
type: item
description: Aortobronchial Fistula (ABF) is uncommon but lethal if not promptly treated surgically. ABF may cause severe and lethal bleeding. It affects most often the thoracic aorta (segments 3 and 4) in patients with prior history of surgery on the thoracic vessels. Few cases in literature have been documented without prior history of thoracic surgery, trauma or aortic infectious process. ABFs rarely affect the ascending aorta and very few cases have been documented. We describe here a clinical case of a patient 70-year-old who presented with complaint of hemoptysis caused by an ABF as a complication of ruptured aortic aneurysm, affirming that investigating life threatening causes of hemoptysis is of great importance.
subject: Department of Human Medicine
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creator: Mudar I. ABDULLATIF
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Hama University
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31

Study of the Relationship between the Maximum Width of Smile and occlusal vertical dimension in people with complete natural teeth in Syrian society
type: item
description: This study aimed to establish a relationship between the maximum smile width and the occlusal vertical dimension, and to add a new parameter that would help obtain a similar ratio or measure for the occlusal vertical dimension. Research Materials and Methods: The research sample consisted of 40 male and female students from the Faculty of Dentistry at Hama University. The students were divided into two main groups, equal in gender, and measurements were taken using an electronic scale. Results: This study demonstrated a statistically significant linear correlation between the values of the occlusal vertical dimension (in mm) and the values of the maximum smile width (in mm). Conclusions: Within the limits of this research, and based on the results we obtained, we can conclude the following: 1. There is a direct relationship between the occlusal vertical dimension and the maximum smile width among individuals with complete natural teeth in Syrian society, and this relationship can be reliably determined. 2. Patient gender does not affect the determination of the occlusal vertical dimension in individuals with complete natural teeth, as the maximum smile width measurement was reliable for both males and females
subject: Dentistry
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creator: Mohammad Ghassan Ahmad Al-Jaloud
creator: Husein Al-Esa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Hama University
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31

The Effect of Using L-Arginine as a Feed Additive on Testosterone Levels in Ross 308 Broiler Breeder Roosters
type: item
description: This study was conducted to demonstrate the effect of using arginine as a dietary supplement on the functional performance of the reproductive system in broiler breeder roosters. For this study, 60 broiler breeder roosters of the Ross 308 strain were used, and the birds were divided into four groups. The control group included 15 birds fed according to the recommendations of the strain's production company. Group S1 included 15 birds fed according to the company's recommendations with the addition of arginine at a rate of 1 kg per ton of feed. The second group, S2, also included 15 birds, with arginine added to the feed mixture at a rate of 2 kg per ton of feed. The fourth group, S3, included 15 birds, with arginine added at a rate of 4 kg per ton of feed. Blood samples were taken to examine testosterone levels at four different time points: at the beginning of the experiment, then after 15, 30, and 60 days from the start of the experiment. The results showed an increase in testosterone levels, sperm motility, and an improvement in seminiferous tubule diameter in groups S2 and S3 compared to the control group and S1.
subject: طب بيطري
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creator: ضياء الدين الشعبان
creator: Hassan Hassan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Hama University
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31

Occupational Bullying among Employees at the University of Hama
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description: The research aimed to identify the level of occupational bullying among workers at the University of Hama from their point of view, and to identify the differences between the average grades of the research sample members according to the research variables: (gender, type of work, years of experience, college). To achieve the research objectives, the researcher used the descriptive analytical method, designed a questionnaire consisting of (33) statements, and applied it to a sample consisting of (38) members of the educational staff and (41) employees in the Faculties of Education and Economics at the University of Hama, and used the statistical program (Spss-21) to process data. The search results showed the following: - The level of occupational bullying among employees at the University of Hama, from the employees’ point of view, was moderate. - There are statistically significant differences between the average responses of Hama University employees to the occupational bullying questionnaire attributed to gender, in favor of females. - There are no statistically significant differences between the average responses of Hama University employees to the occupational bullying questionnaire attributed to the variables: years of experience, college, and type of work. -In light of the research results, the researcher presented a set of proposals, the most important of which are: raising awareness by holding seminars and training courses for all employees, including academic staff, their assistants, and administrative staff at the university, about bullying in the workplace and ways to prevent it; promoting an ethical work environment at the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research; continuing to develop regulations, laws, and rules that promote ethical behavior; combating bullying in all its forms among employees; and providing the best services to achieve a high level of performance.
subject: Department of Education
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creator: Lina Mohammad Hasan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Hama University
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31

Primary Education Teachers’ Perceptions of Students’ Learning Disabilities in the Absence of Official Diagnosis A Field Study in Selected Schools of Lattakia Governorate
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description: The present study aims to explore primary school (first cycle) teachers’ perceptions of the manifestations of learning difficulties among learners in the absence of a formal diagnostic system in Lattakia Governorate. It also seeks to identify differences in these perceptions according to gender (male and female), type of school (regular or inclusive), and academic qualification. In addition, the study aims to determine teachers’ training needs in the field of learning difficulties. The descriptive method was adopted, and a questionnaire was used consisting of two dimensions: teachers’ perceptions of the manifestations of learning difficulties (including three sub-dimensions: cognitive, behavioral, and emotional) and training needs. The sample consisted of 377 male and female teachers in Lattakia schools, selected using simple random sampling. Findings showed that teachers’ perceptions of learning difficulties were at a moderate level (54.1%). Results also revealed significant differences in the cognitive dimension in favor of male teachers, and high training needs in favor of female teachers. No significant differences appeared regarding school type (regular or inclusive). Differences were found in favor of teachers holding a master’s degree across all dimensions. Training needs were highest among teachers with a general university degree or a teacher qualification diploma compared to those with a master’s degree. The greatest need identified was learning strategies to effectively support students with learning difficulties and training in instructional techniques specific to this group.
subject: Department of Education
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creator: Rouba Mohammad Haidar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Hama University
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31

Comparing competitive anxiety among male and junior football players at Al Wathba Sports Club
type: item
description: The study aimed to identify the level of sports competition anxiety among male and junior football players at Al Wathba Sports Club and compare them To achieve this, the study was conducted on a sample of (40) players, including (20) male players and (20) junior players. To collect the study data and achieve its objectives, the descriptive approach was used, and the Arabic image was used to test sports competition anxiety (Alawi, 1998). The results of the study showed that there were no differences between the levels of anxiety among men and juniors in this club.
subject: Department of College of Sports
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creator: Ammar Talal Al-Farra
creator: Angela Madi
creator: Ahmed Al-Shaarawy
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Hama University
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31

Conversational Implicature in Tawfiq Ahmad's Poetry The poem "Damascus Alsham" as a model
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description: The research studies the phenomenon of conversational implicature in Tawfiq Ahmad’s poetry. It studies the definition of conversational implicature and its types, studies co-operative principle and the conversational rules related to, and differentiates between the characteristics of conventional implicature and conversational implicature. It analyzes the phenomenon of conversational implicature in the poem "Damascus alsham" by the poet "Tawfiq Ahmed" by studying how the transformation from direct explicit meanings to indirect implicit implied meanings that the rhetorical images, declarative and constructive styles indicate it, and the pragmatic purposes that result from them in the light of the context of the production of the discourse and its situation, and the effect of that on understanding the poet's intentions and interpreting the poetic discourse.
subject: Literature department
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creator: Manal Abdulkader Sadiddin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Hama University
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31

Psychometric Properties of the Gratitude Scale (GRAT) among a Sample of Students at the Faculty of Education at Hamah University
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description: the research aimed to verify the psychometric properties of the Gratitude Scale (GRAT) which was developed by Watkins and others (Watkins, et al., 2003) and applied on a sample of (445) male and female students at the Faculty of Education at Hamah University, students were using a stratified random method. A descriptive analytical approach was undertaken. The following results were obtained in the research: - The results of the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) showed that the scale items were saturated into three separate factors that explained (77.375) of the total variance. - The results of the hypothetical construction validity showed the presence of positive and statistically significant correlation coefficients between the items and the total score of the scale, ranging between (0.607-0.783). - The results of the categorical validity test, with reference tow extreme groups in the scale, showed a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the upper and lower groups on all items of the scale and its total score. - The results showed the scale's reliability through Cronbach's alpha equation, with values ranging between (0.959-0.984), and through the spilt-half method using the Spearman-Brown equation, with values ranging between (0.959-0.984). The researcher suggested studying the psychometric properties of the scale on other samples of students at Hamah University, extracting criteria for interpreting its raw scores, and using it in psychological and educational researches related to gratitude variable.
subject: Department of Education
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creator: William Khedr Al-Abbas
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Hama University
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31

Acceptability in Nizar Qabbani's Poetry The poem "The Students congregated at the House of Al-Khalil Ibn Ahmad Al-Farahidi" as a model
type: item
description: The research studies one of the criteria of textuality in Nizar Qabbani’s poetry, which is the criterion of acceptability. It differentiates between the criteria of intentionality and acceptability, as well as the concept of grammaticality and acceptability. It studies the conditions of acceptability and the factors influencing it among ancient and modern scholars, and studies the types of reading and types of readers. it analyzes The acceptability criterion in the poem "The Students congregated at the House of Al-Khalil ibn Ahmed Al-Farahidi" in light of the descriptive and pragmatic approaches through studying the poet's style, the relationship between the title and the text, the clarity and ambiguity of meanings and rhetorical images, the type of text, the types of receivers, the semantics of the context, and the impact of all of this on the achievement or failure of acceptability.
subject: Literature department
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creator: Manal Abdulkader Sadiddin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Hama University
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30

The Effect of the Modified FIFA11+ Program on Special Endurance in Junior Soccer Players
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description: Endurance is one of the most important components of physical fitness, and researchers have emphasized the need to develop and improve it due to its interconnectedness with other components of fitness. Researchers and specialists have emphasized the need to focus on developing this component, especially for juniors. Due to the sensitivity of this age group, researchers have focused on standardized and well-designed training programs that are appropriate for the target age group, including the FIFA11+ program. This study used the FIFA11+ program, approved by FIFA, where the researcher added a weight of 1 kg to each limb, based on the recommendations of the National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), The aim of this research was to identify the effect of the modified FIFA11+ program on the level of change in endurance among young football players, compared to two warm-up programs (traditional and FIFA11+). The training program was implemented for (9) weeks on a sample of (24) players. The sample was divided into three equal groups (a control group and two experimental groups). After conducting the required tests and statistical processing, and presenting and discussing the results, the researcher concluded that the modified FIFA11+ program had an advantage over other warm-up programs in developing and improving endurance among young football players. The researcher attributed this advantage to the modification he made to the program, which was the addition of (1 kg) to each limb. Keywords: Football - Endurance - FIFA11+.
subject: Department of College of Sports
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creator: Firas Aref Issa
creator: Nouri Hamed Barakat
creator: Yamen Ibrahim Shahida
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Hama University
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30

The Impact of the Financial Flexibility on Returns in Islamic Banks Operating in Syria
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description: This research aims to study the impact of financial flexibility on the returns of Islamic banks operating in Syria during the period 2011–2023 The study used return on equity and return on unrestricted investment account holders’ equity as dependent variables. Cash holdings, financial leverage, and liquidity are included as independent variables, with bank size used as a control variable. The study used cross-sectional time series (Balanced Panel data) and applied the ARDL model using the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) method. The study found no significant effect of financial flexibility, as measured by its three indicators, on return on equity. Furthermore, there was no significant effect of financial flexibility, as measured by financial leverage, on return on unrestricted investment accounts holders’ equity. However, the study found a significant negative effect of financial flexibility, as measured by liquidity and cash holdings, on return on investment account holders' equity. In light of the results, the study offers a set of recommendations, such as the necessity for Islamic banks operating in Syria to consider financial flexibility indicators and their impact on the bank’s financial performance, as measured by return on equity and return on unrestricted investment account holders’ equity.
subject: Economie
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creator: Zeinab Nehad Mhanna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Hama University
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30

The role of artistic activities in developing the soft skills required for the labor market from the perspective of faculty of education students(Field study at lattakia university)
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description: The research aims to examine the role of artistic activities in developing the soft skills required for the labor market from the perspective of faculty of education students, it also seeks to identify the obstacles that hinder the implementation of these activities, and to propose mechanisms that can enhance their effectiveness. as well as to explore whether there are differences between the averages of students' scores in role of artistic activities in developing the soft skills of according to the variable (the work) . To achieve the research , The descriptive approach was used and the sample consisted to (90) students of faculty of education at lattakia university. The researcher has prepared a questionnaire to measure the role of artistic activities in developing the soft skills. The instrument included (42) items, divided into two axes: the first axis consists of (30) items, divided into six dimensions:(communication, time management, leadership, collaboration, problem- solving, and creativity & innovation),while the second axis consists of (12) items. In addition, the questionnaire includes an open- ended question. The finding revealed that: Role of artistic activities in developing the soft skills required for the labor market from the perspective of students was rated at a high level. The main challenges hindering the effectiveness of artistic activities were identified as:( negative societal attitudes toward artistic activities, Limited integration of digital technologies, and an Excessive focus on theoretical aspects at the expense of practical application) The key suggestions for improving role of artistic activities are (Increasing the number of practical training hours allocated to academic courses, and Organizing training workshops for instructors to strengthen their capacity for continuous implementation of artistic activities) There are no statistically significant differences between the averages of the sample members’ answers about role of artisti…
subject: Department of Education
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creator: Hala Sleiman
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Hama University
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30

The theories explaining psychological abuse against children
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description: Psychological violence against children is one of the oldest social phenomena that has accompanied human history, and it continues in various forms and patterns to this day. This persistence has prompted many researchers to investigate and study violent behavior of all kinds, with the goal of identifying its most prominent causes and the factors that lead to it. As a result, several interpretations of psychological violence have emerged, varying according to the various theoretical approaches that have studied and analyzed it. By reviewing the theoretical legacy related to psychological violence, it becomes clear that the psychological approach is one of the most prominent research aspects that has attempted to analyze and understand this phenomenon and identify the reasons for its spread at various levels of society, whether in institutions, in public places, or at the individual level, in addition to addressing ways to confront it. Accordingly, this study will address the concept of psychological violence against children in its various forms, highlighting a set of related concepts. It will also review various theories within the framework of the psychological approach to violence, which seek to explain this phenomenon and understand its dynamics and development.
subject: Literature department
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creator: Dalia Ayrout
creator: Eva Kharma
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Hama University
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30

The literary status of the poet Fadl al-Abdiyya during the Mutawakkilite era
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description: Fadl was one of the figures who represented the faces of al-Mutawakkil's councils and companions during the second Abbasid era. Fadl received considerable attention—of varying size and value—from biographers, historians, and writers, and occupied a significant space in the writings of her contemporaries, including narrators and historians. This was not only because she was the most poetic woman of her time; Rather, it was due to her connection to Al-Mutawakkil, his days, and her poems therein. These scattered spaces in the books of ancient literature and its sources were the merit of completing this research on a female figure who had an important artistic presence in the court of Al-Mutawakkil. She was the most distinguished poet of her time, and her poems that she said in the court were historical documents chronicling an era of time, and describing the legendary scenes of luxury, comfort, and extravagance that historians were unable to describe. So, she had no choice but to join the poets of the palace and the caliph’s concubines and be a pearl of this unique and organized necklace, and her biography would be an image of the companions of the first caliph in the second Abbasid era, Al-Mutawakkil, and to see - in her capacity as a concubine of Al-Mutawakkil - his luxurious palaces and his luxurious lifestyle. Her poems expressed the artistic taste that was prevalent at that time, and her news depicted scenes of the councils of Poetry in the Caliphate's Court.The research aims to shed light on a poet considered one of the most important poets at the court of Caliph al-Mutawakkil. It discusses her personal and professional life, cites examples of her poems composed for al-Mutawakkil, and discusses her literary status and poetic standing, as well as how this poet was able to occupy significant spaces in ancient literary books and sources.The research problem and its questions revolve around the artistic value of Fadl al-Abdiyya's poetry, the importance of her poems t…
subject: Literature department
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creator: Bara’ah Hussain Hamade
creator: Abdallatif Omran
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Hama University
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30

The level of administrative communication in the Syrian Arab Basketball Federation
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description: The research aims to identify the reality of administrative communication in the Syrian Arab Basketball Federation. The researcher used the descriptive analytical approach due to its suitability to the nature of the study. A comprehensive enumeration method was used in selecting the sample, which consisted of (73) administrators in the Syrian Arab Basketball Federation, in addition to its affiliated committees and subcommittees The questionnaire was used as a research tool and consisted of four axes: administrative communication methods, administrative communication skills, and administrative communication characteristics. The data were processed using the statistical program (SPSS), and the most prominent results of the study were The level of administrative communication in the Syrian Arab Basketball Federation is high. There are no differences in the level of administrative communication among members of the Syrian Arab Basketball Federation depending on the variable of years of experience
subject: Department of College of Sports
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creator: Yara Barakat
creator: Kholoud Ali Deeb
creator: Dima Suleiman
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Hama University
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30

The degree of secondary school teachers’ possession of twenty-first century skills (a field study in the city of Lattakia)
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description: The study aimed to reveal the degree of secondary school teachers’ possession of twenty-first century skills in the city of Lattakia . The sample was selected using a simple random method and its number was (186) male and female teachers. A study tool was developed, which was a questionnaire. It consisted in its initial form of (25) items covering two areas (innovation and creativity skills, information, media and technology skills). The most prominent results were that innovation and creativity skills came in first place with a percentage of (81.56%), followed by information, media and technology skills with a percentage of (80.84%), and there were no differences attributed to the gender variable, while differences were found in favor of teachers with more than 10 years of experience, followed by teachers from 5 to 10 years, then teachers less than 5 years; with less than 5 years of experience; that is, teachers with more than 10 higher level of 21st century skills than teachers with 10 years of experience or less . Keywords: Twenty-first century skills, secondary school.
subject: Department of Education
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creator: Mais Mayhoob
creator: somar borkol
creator: Muhannad Mubayed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Hama University
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30

The reality of kindergarten buildings in Hama city from the perspective of kindergarten directors ((A field study on kindergartens in Hama city))
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description: The current research aimed to identify the reality of kindergarten buildings in the city of Hama from the perspective of kindergarten directors. The research adopted a descriptive and analytical approach. The research tool was a monitoring list, which was constructed based on the conditions for licensing kindergartens in the Syrian Arab Republic. The research sample consisted of (56) kindergarten directors. The research results indicated the following: -The reality of kindergarten buildings in Hama city, from the directors' perspective, was average (60%), followed by (22.50%) who considered it low, and (17.50%) who considered it high. -There were statistically significant differences between the average scores of the research sample members on the checklist for the reality of kindergarten buildings in Hama city according to the variable of kindergarten type, with the differences favoring private kindergartens. -There are statistically significant differences between the average scores of the research sample members on the two sub-axes (building components, health safety) and the total score of the kindergarten building monitoring list according to the licensing year variable, in favor of kindergartens whose licensing year is (5-10) years.
subject: Department of Education
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creator: Noor Boulos Hantous
creator: Ali Mohammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Hama University
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30

https://hama-univ.edu.sy/ojs/index.php/huj/en/article/view/3039
type: item
title: Obstacles to the Implementation of Active Learning Strategies in the Educational Process and Ways to Address Them from the Teachers' Perspective (A Field Study in Second-Cycle Basic Education Schools in Lattakia City)
description: The study aimed to identify the obstacles to implementing active learning strategies in the educational process and ways to address them from the perspective of second-cycle basic education teachers. The study sample consisted of (133) male and female teachers. To achieve the study objectives, the researcher used the descriptive-analytical approach, and adopted the questionnaire as a research and data collection tool. The questionnaire consisted of (24) paragraphs listed according to the five-point Likert scale, in addition to one open-ended question. Accordingly, the study results showed the following: Obstacles related to the educational environment are the most common and influential in implementing active learning strategies in the educational process, as the arithmetic mean for this dimension reached (4.03), which is a high score, while the arithmetic mean for the teacher-related obstacles dimension reached (3.86). Finally, comes the learner-related obstacles dimension, with an arithmetic mean of (3.75). The results showed statistically significant differences between the responses of second-cycle basic education teachers regarding the obstacles to implementing active learning strategies in the educational process according to the gender variable, in favor of females. The study results also showed no differences between them based on the variables of academic qualification and years of experience. In light of the study results, the researcher suggested the need to hold ongoing training courses and workshops to train teachers on applying active learning strategies; provide financial support to provide active learning tools and methods and facilitate their use; and prepare a teacher guide that includes mechanisms for implementing active learning strategies.
subject: Department of Education
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creator: Ahmad Kartali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Hama University
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30